Self-emulsifying formulations of dim-related indoles

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are self-emulsifying compositions and formulations of Diindolylmethane (“DIM”) and certain derivatives of DIM, their uses and methods of making. In particular, the disclosed compositions comprise a DIM-related indole as an active agent and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprises a solvent, one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7, and one or more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7. In certain aspects of the invention, the compositions disclosed herein show improved bioavailability.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/009,586, filed Sep. 1, 2020; which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/565,381, filed Jun. 19, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,799,479; which is a 371 of International Application No.PCT/US2016/026715, filed Apr. 8, 2016; which claims the benefit of U.S.provisional application No. 62/146,216, filed Apr. 10, 2015, each ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1. FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to self-emulsifying compositions ofDiindolylmethane (DIM) and certain DIM-related indoles, methods ofmaking various pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations using suchcompositions, and methods of using such compositions and formulations.In particular, the present invention relates to self-emulsifyingcompositions of DIM (and certain DIM-related indoles) showing improvedbioavailability.

2. BACKGROUND

Successful self-emulsifying formulations (e.g., lipid-based formulations(LBFs)) require that a set of materials be combined to form aninteractive excipient mixture tailored to the specific physicochemicalproperties of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). Suchformulations that spontaneously emulsify on contact with aqueous mediaare referred to as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). SEDDSwhich achieve emulsions with submicron diameter globule size uponspontaneous emulsification are referred to as self-micro-emulsifyingdrug delivery systems (SMEDDS). SMEDDS may be liquid or semisolid atroom temperature and are typically directed at oral or topical drugdelivery. To facilitate oral delivery, SEDDS and SMEDDS are filled intohard or soft gelatin capsules.

Prototype SEDDS or SMEDDS formulations are assessed by in vitrodispersion testing in biorelevant media followed by particle sizedetermination and other characterization of the spontaneously formedemulsion. Particle size determinations by light defraction methodologycharacterizes the globule size of the discrete, individual complex lipidparticles containing the API and this in vitro assessment can be used asone methodology to predict availability for absorption andbioavailability of the API in vivo. Performance of the emulsion withregard to API solubilization behavior is assessed by in vitro digestiontesting which allows measurement of solubilized drug concentrationsreleased from the emulsion and includes assessment of crystal formationfollowing digestive alteration of the LBF with the controlled additionof digestive enzymes. API solubilization in each individual SEDDScomponent and in the combination of components is API-specific. Inaddition, unpredictable interactions between the range of potentialsolvent oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, further complicate theSMEDDS formulation development process.

Diindolylmethane is a compound of great potential therapeutic benefit.However, poor oral bioavailability of Diindolylmethane (DIM) has been amajor limitation in the successful utilization of DIM for manytherapeutic indications. Pure DIM forms tightly packed geometriccrystals which are lipophilic but with only modest solubility in oil.DIM possesses extremely low aqueous solubility and rapidly precipitatesfrom solution in organic solvents and re-crystalizes when exposed toaqueous media. As a result, presence of DIM in the primarily aqueousenvironment within the stomach and intestines results in the persistenceof highly insoluble and poorly bioavailable, crystalline DIM. Due tocrystallinity, DIM is poorly absorbed throughout the aqueousenvironments present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The problem ofpoor bioavailability is at times further compounded by a rapidpresystemic metabolism within enterocytes and active first pass hepaticmetabolism which further reduces the efficiency of such molecules beingused as API's. Limitations on the usefulness of DIM as both aneutraceutical dietary supplement and as an API therefore arise from thephysicochemical characteristics of DIM. For successful use as an API andin neutraceutical formulations, DIM requires special treatment andformulation to specifically address its low solubility, crystal formingbehavior, and loss due to presystemic metabolism.

The present inventors had previously developed a DIM formulation methodthat included suspending DIM in solvent and homogenizing it in thepresence of encapsulating water soluble polymers, which yields a dry,flowable powder (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,915 and EP Patent No. 1067913B1). This formulation method resulted in increased gastrointestinalabsorption and sustained release of DIM compared to crystalline DIM.However, the pharmacokinetics of absorption showed limitation based onthe need for DIM to dissolve starting from a solid, crystalline state.Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed a clear but limited advantage derivedfrom this formulation technology compared to crystalline DIM simplysuspended in corn or sesame oil (see Anderton et al., 2004, Drug MetabDispos. 32(6):632-8).

Some studies have reported the use of chemically modified DIMderivatives, which were developed to enhance the anti-cancer activity ofDIM at the cellular level in order to increase the potency in doseresponse relationships (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,520). Such chemicalmodifications of the DIM molecule alter the physicochemicalcharacteristics of the API, and thus, alter formulation requirements.Such modified DIM APIs remain in the class of poorly soluble APIs.However, because the physicochemical characteristics of chemicallymodified DIM derivatives differ from those of DIM, particularly withregard to lipid solubility, APIs consisting of chemically modified DIMdiffer from DIM in their formulation requirements. One chemicallymodified DIM derivative is P-DIM which has been well characterized as toits physicochemical characteristics which are different from those ofDIM. P-DIM has a log P of 7 which demonstrates clearly higher lipidsolubility compared to DIM (see Patel et al, 2012, Eur J Pharm Sci.12;46(1-2):8-16). P-DIM is a C-substituted di-indole methane withadditional phenyl rings, which unlike DIM shows instability in thepresence of acid. As such, DIM is distinctly different from P-DIM. SinceP-DIM lacks stability in acid, this makes P-DIM a poor candidate forformulation strategies which expose the API to the gastric environmentwhere SMEDDS spontaneously emulsify since there is loss of 20% activityof the API due to the acid induced decomposition (see Patel et al.,2015, Pharm Res. Published Online, DOI 10.1007/s11095-015-1620-7). Inview of this, Patel et al. reported utilizing spray drying methodologyfor P-DIM which, like U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,915, includes the use of TPGS,but in addition includes a polymer-based enteric coating to preventdispersion and breakdown of the API in the stomach. This formulationalso included Enova oil, Cremophor EUL as solvent, and Eudragit LD30 D55as the polymer for enteric coating (see Patel et al., 2015, Pharm Res.Published Online, DOI 10.1007/s11095-015-1620-7).

Another approach to formulation was developed for2,10-dicarbethoxy-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo-(2,3-b)carbazole, whichutilized pharmaceutically acceptable excipients consisting ofhydroxyl-fatty acid PEG monoester and/or diesters (see U.S. PatentPublication No. 20120184590).

Other approaches to absorption-enhancing formulations of DIM for oraldelivery include liquid formulations based on the use of cod liver oiland include a predominant percentage of Polysorbate 80 emulsifier tocreate a liquid formulation stable in hard gelatin capsules (see U.S.Pat. No. 8,697,123). However, this approach does not relate toself-emulsifying SEDDS or SMEDDS technology and depends on highformulation percentage use of Polysorbate 80. Such high formulationconcentration and exposure level to Polysorbate 80 may presenttolerability issues during chronic use (see Chassaing et al., 2015,Nature 519(7541):92-6). A separate approach by this group resulted insolid and powdered formulations based on formulation steps whichincluded co-solubilization of DIM in alcohol with a subset ofoxyethylene and oxypropylene block co-polymers, followed by evaporationof the alcohol, lyophilization of the mixture, or spray drying of themixture to remove the water and alcohol (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,791,150B2). This approach also does not rely on self-emulsifying SEDDS orSMEDDS technology, and instead relies on complex productions steps andhigh formula weights of oxyethylene and oxypropylene block co-polymers.

Specialized approaches to formulating DIM for topical application haveincluded formulations unrelated to self-emulsifying SEDDS/SMEDDStechnology (see U.S. Patent Publication No. 20140193480; U.S. PatentPublication No. 20090274746).

Despite previous efforts to formulate DIM and DIM derivatives forenhanced oral and topical absorption, the need still exists forpractical formulation methodology which will better accommodate thespecific limitations DIM presents as an API and nutraceutical activeingredient. There is a need for new formulations of DIM capable ofself-emulsification and limited or no crystallization in thegastro-intestinal environment to realize DIM's therapeutic andnutraceutical potential.

3. BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention is the result of the discovery of combinations ofexcipients that dissolve crystalline Diindolylmethane (DIM). Thecompositions of the invention encompass those that accommodate a highpercentage of DIM. Upon contact with intestinal fluid that occurs afteringestion, such compositions spontaneously emulsify to form anoil-in-water dispersion with fine globule or particle size, increasingthe gastrointestinal exposure and systemic absorption of DIM.Development of such combinations of excipients required investigation ofthe solubility of DIM in each of the tested excipients and incombinations of excipients. The self-emulsifying compositions andformulations of DIM-related indoles provided herein yield increased oralbioavailability of DIM compared to crystalline DIM. The disclosedcompositions can be used for pharmaceutical andnutraceutical/nutritional purposes to provide DIM (and certainderivatives of DIM) in a well-tolerated, shelf-stable and highlybioavailable state.

In particular, provided herein are compositions comprising a DIM-relatedindole and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprises a solvent, one ormore surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7, and one or moreco-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7. The DIM-relatedindoles encompassed by the present invention have log P from 3 to 5.5(which can be an experimentally-determined log P value or a calculatedlog P value, e.g., log P calculated using software known in the art suchas ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 software (CambridgeSoft)). In some embodiments,the DIM-related indole has log P from 3.2 to 5.2. Accordingly, incertain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising aDIM-related indole having log P from 3 to 5.5 as the biologically activeagent and a carrier of said active agent, wherein the carrier comprisesa solvent (e.g., an oil, a lipid or another solvent), one or moresurfactants with an HLB of greater than 7, and one or moreco-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7. In most preferredembodiments, the DIM-related indole is 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM). Insome embodiments, the DIM-related indole is2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane (LTR).

In certain embodiment s, the carrier is a solution or a suspension. Insome embodiments, the carrier may be in a liquid form. In someembodiments, the carrier may be in a semi-solid form. In one embodiment,the carrier may be in a form of a gel. In certain embodiments, thecomposition of the invention is in a form of a solution or a suspension.In some embodiments, the composition of the invention may be in a liquidform. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention may be in asemi-solid form. In one embodiment, the composition of the invention maybe in a form of a gel.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein theDIM-related indole has a very high degree of solubility in the carrier.In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole has at least or more than80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% solubility in the carrier (such as upto the limits of its solubility in the carrier). In some embodiments,the DIM-related indole has at least 95% or 100%, or from 95% to 100%solubility in the carrier (such as up to the limits of its solubility inthe carrier). In certain embodiments, the DIM-related indole isdissolved in the carrier (i.e., displays at least 98% and up to 100%solubility in the carrier). In most preferred embodiments, theDIM-related indole is 100% dissolved in the carrier (i.e., displays 100%solubility in the carrier). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indoledisplays at least or more than 10% solubility in the solvent used in thecompositions described herein (such as oil, lipid or another solvent,e.g., a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole has at least ormore than 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% or 25% solubilityin the solvent (e.g., at least or more than 15% or 18% solubility in thesolvent). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole displays at leastor more than 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% solubility in thesurfactant with an HLB greater than 7 used in the compositions describedherein. In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole displays at least ormore than 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12% or 15% solubility in theco-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 used in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, the DIM-relatedindole displays at least or more than 3%, 4% or 5% solubility in thetriglyceride (or a derivative thereof) used in the compositionsdescribed herein. The solubility can be assessed by any method known inthe art. For example, the solubility can be assessed by addition ofsolids until they would not go into the solution without givingcloudiness. In another example, the solubility can be assessed by addingan API and then filtering the solids and determining how much of the APIwas in solution by dilution in solvent and concentration measurement byHPLC.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein theexcipients in the compositions (for example, a solvent, one or moresurfactants with an HLB greater than 7, one or more co-surfactants withan HLB equal to or less than 7, a triglyceride or a derivative thereof,an agent that inhibits recrystallization of a DIM-related indole (e.g.,a poloxamer), a lecithin, or any other excipient) are pharmaceuticallyacceptable or acceptable when present in food.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thesolvent is pharmaceutically acceptable or acceptable when present infood. In certain embodiments, the solvent is a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol, or anessential oil. In one embodiment, the solvent is a caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glyceride. In one embodiment, the solvent is a diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether. In one embodiment, the solvent is propyleneglycol. In some embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions andformulations described herein, the solvent is Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In specific embodimentsof pharmaceutical compositions and formulations described herein, thesolvent is a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride, a diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether or propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the solvent isa lipid or an oil. In particular embodiments, the solvent is an oil suchas an essential oil, e.g., peppermint oil, orange oil, lemon oil,limonene, tea tree oil, wintergreen oil, lavender oil, ginger oil,nutmeg oil, fennel oil, eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, borage oil,pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn., Punicaceae) seed oil, black cuminoil, rice germ oil, rice bran oil, sunflower oil, krill oil, orgreen-lipped muscle oil. In some embodiments, the solvent is an oil butnot olive oil or sunflower oil. In one embodiment, the solvent is anoil, and the oil is peppermint oil. In one embodiment, the solvent is anoil, and the oil is rosemary oil. In particular embodiments ofnutritional or nutraceutical compositions and formulations describedherein, the solvent is an essential oil. In some embodiments ofnutritional or nutraceutical compositions and formulations describedherein, the solvent is an oil, such as peppermint oil or rosemary oil.In other particular embodiments of nutritional or nutraceuticalcompositions and formulations described herein, the solvent is propyleneglycol. In other embodiments, provided herein are compositions whereinthe solvent is not a lipid or an oil, or not an essential oil. In someembodiments, the solvent is in an amount greater than or equal to 4% or5% by weight in the compositions described herein. In certainembodiments, the solvent is in an amount from 4% to 50% by weight orfrom 5% to 50% by weight in the compositions described herein. In someembodiments, the solvent is in an amount from 10% to 40% by weight, or,more specifically, from 20% to 30% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein (e.g., for pharmaceutical compositions describedherein). In particular embodiments of nutritional or nutraceuticalcompositions described herein, the solvent is in an amount from 3% to15% by weight, or, more specifically, from 5% to 10% by weight in thecompositions described herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 comprisepolyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate, Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glyceride ora polyoxyethyl hydroxyl stearate. In one embodiment, provided herein arecompositions wherein the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is alauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride. In specific embodiments, provided hereinare compositions wherein the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 isa polyoxyethyl hydroxyl stearate, or a mixture of monoesters anddiesters of 12-hydroxystearic acid and macrogols. In one embodiment,provided herein are compositions wherein the surfactant with an HLB ofgreater than 7 is a mixture of monoesters and diesters of12-hydroxystearic acid and macrogols. In one embodiment, provided hereinare compositions wherein the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 ispolyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate (such as Polysorbate 80). In someembodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise at least twosurfactants with HLB greater than 7 (such as any of the surfactants withHLB greater than 7 described herein or known in the art, e.g., a lauroylpolyoxyl-32 glyceride and a mixture of monoesters and diesters of12-hydroxystearic acid and macrogols, or a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerideand Polysorbate 80). In certain embodiments, the surfactant with an HLBof greater than 7 is in an amount of at least or more than 10% by weightin the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thesurfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in an amount from 10% to 50%by weight in the compositions described herein. In particularembodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in anamount from 15% to 25% by weight in the compositions described herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 comprisePropylene Glycol Caprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof. Inone embodiment, provided herein are compositions wherein theco-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is propylene glycolcaprylate (such as propylene glycol monocaprylate). In certainembodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the one or moreco-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 comprise a lecithin.In some embodiments, the lecithin is phosphatidyl choline orlysophosphatidyl choline. In a preferred embodiment, the lecithin isphosphatidyl choline or an excipient enriched in phosphatidyl choline.In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise at leasttwo co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 (such as any ofthe co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 described hereinor known in the art, e.g., a lecithin and propylene glycol caprylate).In some of these embodiments, at least one of the two or moreco-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is a lecithin. In oneembodiment, at least one of the two or more co-surfactants with an HLBequal to or less than 7 is phosphatidyl choline. In certain embodiments,the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amount ofat least or more than 3% by weight in the compositions described herein.In certain embodiments, the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or lessthan 7 is in an amount of at least or more than 5% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, the co-surfactantwith an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amount from 3% to 12% byweight in the compositions described herein. In particular embodiments,the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amountfrom 5% to 10% by weight in the compositions described herein. Incertain embodiments, the lecithin is in an amount of at least or morethan 4% by weight in the compositions described herein. In oneembodiment, the lecithin is in an amount of at least or more than 6% byweight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thelecithin is in an amount from 4% to 10% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In particular embodiments, the lecithin is in anamount from 6% to 9% by weight in the compositions described herein.

Compositions and formulations described herein can, upon contact withwater or intestinal fluids, emulsify to form a dispersion ofoil-in-water globules. As described in this application, and withoutbeing bound by any theory, lecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) canbe optionally used in the compositions of the invention to reduce thesize of oil-in-water emulsion globules formed when the compositions andformulations described herein are dispersed in water or ingested by asubject. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprisean amount of lecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) capable of reducingthe size of oil-in-water emulsion globules formed when the compositionsand formulations described herein are dispersed in water or ingested bya subject (e.g., as compared to the same composition without lecithin).In one embodiment, the compositions provided herein comprise an amountof lecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) capable of reducing the sizeof oil-in-water emulsion globules formed when the compositions andformulations described herein are dispersed in water or ingested by asubject such that at least 50% of the globules is less than 1.5 μm, 1μm, 0.75 μm, 0.5 μm or 0.3 μm in size (in diameter). In specificembodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise an amount oflecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) capable of reducing the size ofoil-in-water emulsion globules formed when the compositions andformulations described herein are dispersed in water or ingested by asubject such that at least 50% or at least 90% of the globules is lessthan 1 μm or less than 400 nm in size (in diameter). In other specificembodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise an amount oflecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) capable of reducing the size ofoil-in-water emulsion globules formed when the compositions andformulations described herein are dispersed in water or ingested by asubject such that at least 50% or at least 90% of the globules is lessthan 0.5 μm in size (in diameter). In some specific embodiments, thecompositions provided herein comprise an amount of lecithin (such asphosphatidyl choline) capable of reducing the size of oil-in-wateremulsion globules formed when the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein are dispersed in water or ingested by a subject suchthat at least 50% or at least 90% of the globules is from 0.05 to 1 μm,preferably, from 0.07 to 0.5 μm or, in some most preferred embodiments,from 0.05 to 0.2 μm in size or from 0.01 to 0.2 μm in size (indiameter). In some embodiments, the compositions provided hereincomprise an amount of lecithin (such as phosphatidyl choline) capable ofreducing the size of oil-in-water emulsion globules formed when thecompositions and formulations described herein are dispersed in water oringested by a subject such that the globules have a (surface weighted)mean particle size from 0.01 to 1 μm, from 0.02 to 1 μm, from 0.03 to 1μm, from 0.05 to 1 μm, from 0.01 to 0.5 μm, from 0.02 to 0.5 μm, from0.03 to 0.5 μm, from 0.02 to 0.1 μm, from 0.02 to 0.2 μm, from 0.02 to0.3 μm, from 0.02 to 0.4 μm, from 0.02 to 0.8 μm, from 0.07 to 0.5 μm,or from 0.09 to 0.3 μm (in diameter). In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein comprise an amount of lecithin (such asphosphatidyl choline) capable of reducing the size of oil-in-wateremulsion globules formed when the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein are dispersed in water or ingested by a subject suchthat the globules have a (surface weighted) mean particle size less than1 μm, less than 0.5 μm, less than 0.4 μm, less than 0.3 μm, less than0.2 μm, or less than 0.1 μm (in diameter).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier comprises one or more triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride. For example, the triglyceride orpolyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride in the compositionsprovided herein can be a Caprylic/Capric triglyceride or an oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glyceride. In certain embodiments, provided herein arecompositions wherein the one or more triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride comprise a medium chain triglyceride, along chain triglyceride, or olive oil. In certain embodiments, providedherein are compositions wherein the one or more triglycerides orpolyoxyethylene derivatives of a triglyceride comprise a medium chaintriglyceride or a long chain triglyceride. In one embodiment, providedherein are compositions wherein the triglyceride or a polyoxyethylenederivative of a triglyceride is a medium chain triglyceride. In apreferred embodiment, provided herein are compositions wherein thetriglyceride or a polyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride is a longchain fatty acid such as an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride. In oneembodiment, provided herein are compositions wherein the triglyceride ora polyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride is an oleoyl polyoxyl-6glyceride. In some embodiments, the compositions provided hereincomprise at least two triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of atriglyceride (such as any of the triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride described herein or known in the art,e.g., a medium chain triglyceride and an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride).In some embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives ofa triglyceride used in the compositions described herein are alsoco-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7. In some embodiments,the compositions provided herein comprise at least one triglyceride orpolyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride (which also may be aco-surfactant with HLB equal to or less than 7) and at least oneco-surfactant with HLB equal to or less than 7 which is not atriglyceride or polyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride. Inparticular embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivativesof a triglyceride used in the compositions described herein are oil-liketriglycerides. In some embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride used in the compositions described hereinare utilized to reduce the crystal size or re-crystallization (e.g.,slow down re-crystallization) of a DIM-related indole (upon dispersionin water, intestinal fluids or upon ingestion by a subject). In someembodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of atriglyceride used in the compositions described herein are used toimprove absorption of a DIM-related indole. In some embodiments, thetriglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of a triglyceride are usedin an amount effective to reduce the crystal size, reduce the rate ofcrystallization and/or improve absorption of a DIM-related indole. Forexample, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of atriglyceride can be used to reduce the crystal size, reduce the rate ofre-crystallization or improve absorption of a DIM-related indole by atleast or more than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%(as compared to the same composition without the triglyceride). In oneembodiment, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of atriglyceride can be used in an amount effective to reducerecrystallization or improve absorption of a DIM-related indole by atleast or more than 25% (wherein the recrystallization and absorption areassessed by any criteria or method described herein or known in theart). In certain embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride is in an amount of at least or more than0.5% by weight in the compositions described herein. In someembodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of atriglyceride is in an amount from 1% to 20% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In particular embodiments, thetriglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of a triglyceride are in anamount from 6% to 12% by weight in the compositions described herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein aDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) is present in the compositions in aconcentration from 10 mg/ml to 300 mg/ml, or more specifically, in aconcentration from 10 mg/mL to 200 mg/mL, 30 mg/ml to 150 mg/ml, 70mg/ml to 130 mg/ml, or 90 mg/ml to 125 mg/ml. For example, a DIM-relatedindole (e.g., DIM) can be present in the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein in the concentration between 30 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml. Inanother example, a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) can be present in thecompositions and formulations described herein in the concentrationbetween 70 mg/ml and 130 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the compositionsprovided herein comprise the DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) in an amountof at least or more than 5% or 7.5% by weight. In specific embodiments,the compositions provided herein comprise the DIM-related indole (e.g.,DIM) in an amount of at least or more than 10% or 12% by weight. In oneembodiment, the compositions provided herein comprise the DIM-relatedindole (e.g., DIM) in an amount of at least or more than 10% by weight.In particular embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise theDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) in an amount from 2% to 20%, 5% to 20%,7.5% to 15%, 8% to 20%, 8% to 14%, 9% to 13%, or 10% to 12%, or 12 to14% by weight. In a specific embodiment, the compositions providedherein comprise the DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) in an amount from 10%to 20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the compositions andformulations provided herein comprise from 20 to 150 mg of theDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) per dose (e.g., capsule). In preferredembodiments, the compositions and formulations provided herein comprisesfrom 25 to 100 mg of the DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) per dose (e.g.,capsule). In specific embodiments, the compositions and formulationsprovided herein comprise 25 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 75mg, 80 mg, 90 mg or 100 mg of the DIM-related indole per dose (e.g., percapsule).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier further comprises a derivatized cellulose that is soluble in thecomposition, a polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer (known aspoloxamer), polyvinyl acetate phthalate, or polyvinyl pyrolidone. Inpreferred embodiments, the carrier comprises a polyethylene oxidepolypropylene oxide block copolymer. In specific embodiments, thecarrier comprises block copolymers of polyoxypropylene andpolyoxyethylene, wherein a central block of the polyoxypropylene isflanked by blocks of the polyethylene oxide on both ends (which can bedescribed as having the following chemcical formula:HO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H). In some embodiments, thecompositions described herein (e.g., the carrier in the compositions)comprise a poloxamer wherein the molecular mass of the hydrophobic blockof the poloxamer (i.e., the C₃H₆O or polyoxypropylene blocks) is morethan 50% (e.g., more than 52%) of the total molecular mass of thepoloxamer. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g.,the carrier in the compositions) comprise a poloxamer wherein themolecular mass of the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer (i.e., theC₂H₄O or polyethylene oxide blocks) is less than 2250 Daltons (e.g.,less than 2000 Daltons, less than 1500 Daltons, or less than 1200Daltons). In particular embodiments, the carrier comprises a poloxamer,for example, a poloxamer wherein the molecular mass of the hydrophobicblock of the poloxamer is greater than 50% (e.g., greater than 52%) ofthe total molecular mass of the poloxamer and the molecular mass of thehydrophilic block of the poloxamer is less than 2250 Daltons (e.g., lessthan 2000 Daltons, less than 1500 Daltons, or less than 1200 Daltons).In one embodiment, the poloxamer is Poloxamer 124. In certainembodiments, the poloxamer is in an amount of at least or more than 5%by weight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thepoloxamer is in an amount from 5% to 30% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In particular embodiments, the poloxamer is in anamount from 15% to 25% by weight in the compositions described herein.

In particular embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., thecarrier in the compositions) comprise a polyoxythene/ polyoxypropylenecopolymer wherein the molecular mass of the hydrophobic block of thecopolymer (i.e., the C₃H₆O or polyoxypropylene blocks) is greater than50% (e.g., greater than 52%) of the total molecular mass of thecopolymer, and/or the molecular mass of the hydrophilic block of thecopolymer (i.e., the C₂H₄O or polyethylene oxide blocks) is less than2250 Daltons (e.g., less than 2000 Daltons, less than 1500 Daltons, orless than 1200 Daltons). In certain embodiments, the polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer is in an amount of at least or more than 5%by weight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thepolyoxythene/ polyoxypropylene copolymer is in an amount from 5% to 30%by weight in the compositions described herein. In particularembodiments, the polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer is in an amountfrom 15% to 25% by weight in the compositions described herein.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., thecarrier in the compositions) do not comprise a polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer (such as poloxamer) wherein the molecularmass of the hydrophobic block of the copolymer (i.e., the C₃H₆O orpolyoxypropylene blocks) is equal to or less than 50% of the totalmolecular mass of the copolymer. In some embodiments, the compositionsdescribed herein (e.g., the carrier in the compositions) do not comprisea polyoxythene/ polyoxypropylene copolymer (such as poloxamer) whereinthe molecular mass of the hydrophilic block of the copolymer (i.e., theC₂H₄O or polyethylene oxide blocks) is equal to or more than 2250Daltons. In some specific embodiments, the compositions described herein(e.g., the carrier in the compositions) do not comprise a poloxamerwherein the molecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer isequal to or less than 50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer,and wherein the molecular mass of the hydrophilic block of the poloxameris equal to or more than 2250 Daltons.

In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations described herein(e.g., the carrier in the compositions described herein) do not comprisepolyethylene oxides.

In some preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein (e.g., the carrier in the compositions describedherein) do not comprise monomer polyvinyl caprolactam (such asSoluplus®), or the polymer used in such compositions or formulations isnot monomer polyvinyl caprolactam (such as Soluplus®). In some preferredembodiments, the compositions and formulations described herein (e.g.,the carrier in the compositions described herein) do not comprisepolyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graftcopolymer (such as Soluplus®), or the polymer used in such compositionsor formulations is not polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinylacetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (such as) Soluplus®). Insome preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations describedherein (e.g., the carrier in the compositions described herein) do notcomprise a polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate andpolyvinylcaprolactame-based graft copolymer (such as Soluplu®), or thepolymer used in such compositions or formulations is not a polyethyleneglycol, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylcaprolactame-based graftcopolymer (such as Soluplus®).

In some embodiments, the carrier comprises derivatized cellulose. Forexample, the derivatized cellulose can be hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate phthalate, or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier further comprises an agent that inhibits crystallization of theDIM-related indole on dispersion of the composition in water orintestinal fluids (or ingestion by a subject). In specific embodiments,the ability of an agent to inhibit crystallization of the DIM-relatedindole is assessed by in vitro digestion testing (e.g., using in vitrodigestion tests described herein). Such agent can be, withoutlimitation, a derivatized cellulose that is soluble in the composition,a polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer (known as poloxamer),polyvinyl acetate phthalate, or polyvinyl pyrolidone. In one preferredembodiment, such agent is a poloxamer, for example, a poloxamer whereinthe molecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer is greaterthan 50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer and, optionally,the molecular mass of the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer is lessthan 2250 Daltons (e.g., Poloxamer 124). In one preferred embodiment,such agent is a poloxamer, for example, a poloxamer wherein themolecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer is greater than50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer and the molecular massof the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer is less than 2250 Daltons(e.g., Poloxamer 124). In another embodiment, such agent is aderivatized cellulose. For example, the derivatized cellulose can behydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetatephthalate, or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate. Inanother embodiment, such agent is a triglyceride or a derivativethereof. In certain embodiments, the carrier comprises a polyethyleneoxide polypropylene oxide block copolymer (such asHO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H).

In specific embodiments, provided herein are compositions andformulations that do not comprise TPGS. In additional specificembodiments, provided herein are compositions and formulations that donot comprise cod liver oil.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions andformulations which, upon dispersion in water or intestinal fluids (whichoccurs upon ingestion by a subject), emulsify to form a dispersion ofoil-in-water emulsion globules (e.g., lipid-based globules). In someembodiments, at least 50% of such globules are less than 1.5 μm, 1 μm,0.75 μm, 0.5 μm or 0.3 μm in size (in diameter). In particularembodiments, at least 50% of such globules are less than 1 μm indiameter. In preferred embodiments, at least 50% of such globules areless than 0.3 μm in size, most preferably less than 0.1 μm in size (indiameter). In some embodiments, at least 50% of such globules arebetween 0.05 and 1 μm, between 0.07 and 0.5 μm, between 0.05 and 0.2 μmin size, between 0.01 and 0.5 μm in size, or between 0.01 and 0.2 μm insize (in diameter). In some embodiments, the globules have a (surfaceweighted) mean particle size between 0.05 and 1 μm, between 0.07 and 0.5μm, between 0.09 and 0.3 μm, between 0.1 and 0.2 μm, or between 0.05 and0.2 μm. In some embodiments, the globules have a mean particle sizebetween from 0.01 to 1 μm, from 0.02 to 1 μm, from 0.03 to 1 μm, from0.05 to 1 μm, from 0.01 to 0.5 μm, from 0.02 to 0.5 μm, from 0.03 to 0.5μm, from 0.02 to 0.1 μm, from 0.02 to 0.2 μm, from 0.02 to 0.3 μm, from0.02 to 0.4 μm, from 0.02 to 0.8 μm, from 0.07 to 0.5 μm, or from 0.09to 0.3 μm (in diameter). In preferred embodiments, the globules have amean particle size of less than 1 micron, more preferably, less than 0.5μm. In specific embodiments, the globules have a mean particle size ofless than 0.4 μm, less than 0.3 μm, or less than 0.1 μm (in diameter).The size of the globules or particles can be determined by any methodknown in the art or described herein. In one embodiment, the size of theglobules or particles is determined by in vitro dispersion testing.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions andformulations which, 2 hours after ingestion by a subject, provide theDIM-related indole in a plasma of the subject in a concentration of atleast or more than 150 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml or 300 ng/ml, orbetween 200 ng/ml and 600 ng/ml, between 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, orbetween 300 ng/ml and 400 ng/ml. In particular embodiments, thecompositions and formulations described herein, upon ingestion by asubject, provide Cmax of the DIM-related indole of at least or more than150 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml or 300 ng/ml (in a plasma of thesubject). In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions andformulations which, upon ingestion by a subject, achieve mean or averageAUC (ng/ml*hr) of the DIM-related indole of at least or more than 500ng/ml*hr, 750 ng/ml*hr, 1000 ng/ml*hr, 1250 ng/ml*hr or 1500 ng/ml*hr,or between 750 ng/ml*hr and 2000 ng/ml*hr, or between 1000 ng/ml*hr and2000 ng/ml*hr, or between 1250 and 1750 ng/ml*hr (in a plasma of thesubject). In preferred embodiments, the subject is a human.

The compositions provided herein can be formulated in a form suitablefor administration to a subject (e.g., a human). For example, thecompositions provided herein can be formulated as pharmaceuticalcompositions. Such compositions can be formulated with excipients (e.g.,solvents, surfactants with an HLB greater than 7, or cos-surfactantswith HLB equal to or less than 7) that are known to be or determined tobe pharmaceutically acceptable. In other embodiments, the compositionsprovided herein can be formulated as nutritional or nutraceuticalcompositions. Such compositions can be formulated with excipients thatare known to be or determined to be acceptable when used in food. Theterms “compositions” and “formulations” are used throughout thisapplication interchangeably. The Examples section of this applicationrefers to the compositions of the invention as “formulations,” anddescribes certain embodiments of the compositions of the invention. Thecompositions provided herein can also be characterized asself-emulsifying (or, in some embodiments, self-microemulsifying, i.e.,producing globules of less than 1 micron in size) excipient formulationsfor delivery of a DIM-related indole (which can increase thebioavailability of the DIM-related indole), and optionally, anadditional API. The term “formulations” is also used to refer to theforms of the compositions of the invention that are suitable forpharmaceutical and/or nutritional/nutraceutical uses (e.g., capsules anddrug delivery vehicles that can be administered to a subject). Thecompositions provided herein can provide a self-emulsifying drugdelivery system for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical/nutritional uses.

In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein are formulatedfor oral delivery. In some embodiments, the compositions provided hereinare formulated in a form of a capsule such as a gelatin capsule (fororal administration). In specific embodiments, the compositions providedherein are formulated in a form of a soft shell gelatin capsule or ahard shell gelatin capsule. In some embodiments, the compositionsprovided herein are formulated in a form of a food (e.g., in a form of afood bar or treat). In some embodiments, the compositions providedherein are used to manufacture a blister pack for oral administration.In other embodiments, the compositions provided herein are formulatedfor topical delivery. Such topical delivery are to surfaces and in formscapable of emulsification of the composition. For example, thecompositions provided herein can be formulated for administration to awet surface (e.g., a mucosal surface or a bleeding wound), or formulatedfor use with water (e.g., a shampoo, a face scrub, or a face wash). Incertain embodiments, the compositions provided herein are formulated fortopical delivery to a mucosal surface. In specific embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are formulated for topical delivery tocervico-vaginal or rectal epithelium and/or mucosa. In one embodiment,the compositions provided herein can be formulated for topical deliveryto a wound (such as an open, bleeding wound). In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are diluted with a solvent for processingonto delivery devices. The dilution of the compositions described hereincan be from 2% or 3% to 30% or 40%. In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are diluted with solvent by at least 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or 35% for processing onto delivery devices. In someembodiments, the compositions provided herein are diluted with solventfrom 2% to 40%, from 5% to 40%, from 10% to 40%, from 15% to 40%, from20% to 40%, from 2% to 30%, from 5% to 30%, from 10% to 30%, from 2% to25%, from 5% to 25%, from 10% to 25%, from 2% to 20%, from 5% to 20%,from 10% to 20%, from 2% to 15%, or from 5% to 15%, for processing ontodelivery devices. Such delivery devices can then be administered to asubject. The delivery devices include, without limitation, a tampon, afood or a food supplement for veterinary or human use (e.g., anutritional health bar, a drink mix, etc.), a wound dressing, a rectalsuppository, and a formulation for personal hygiene use (for mixing withwater and applying, e.g., a face scrub, a face wash, or a shampoo). Inone embodiment, the delivery device is a tampon (e.g., for vaginal use).In one embodiment, the delivery device is a suppository (e.g., forrectal use). In some embodiments, the delivery device is a solution or asuspension formulated as a cosmetic or a hygiene product (e.g., ashampoo, a face scrub or a face wash). In certain embodiments, thecompositions and their formulations provided herein are shelf-lifestable (e.g., stable for at least or more than 6 months, 1 year, 2years, or 5 years). In one embodiment, the compositions and theirformulations provided herein are shelf-life stable for at least 1 year.The stability can be characterized, for example, by lack ofre-crystallization of the DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) in thecomposition.

In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations provided hereincomprise one biologically active agent (a DIM-related indole, e.g.,DIM). In other embodiments, the compositions and formulations providedherein comprise two or more biologically active agents (a DIM-relatedindole and one or more additional biologically active agents). In someembodiments, the additional biologically active agent in thecompositions and formulations provided herein is a retinoid agent (e.g.,retinyl palmitate), Vitamin D, melatonin, Vitamin K, bicalutamide,artemether, tamoxifen, plumbagin, curcumin or ursolic acid. In specificembodiments, the compositions and formulations provided herein furthercomprise Retinyl Palmitate (in addition to a DIM-related indole). Insome embodiments, the compositions and formulations provided hereinfurther comprise Vitamin D (in addition to a DIM-related indole). Inother specific embodiments, the compositions and formulations providedherein further comprise Retinyl Palmitate and Vitamin D (in addition toa DIM-related indole). In particular embodiments, Retinyl Palmitate isin an amount from 2.75 to 10 mg per dose in the compositions andformulations provided herein. In other embodiments, the compositions andformulations provided herein further comprise melatonin (in addition toa DIM-related indole). In additional embodiments, the compositions andformulations provided herein further comprise Vitamin K (in addition toa DIM-related indole). In preferred embodiments, Vitamin K is VitaminK2, e.g., in the amount from 25 μg to 1600 μg per dose (e.g., capsule)in the compositions and formulations provided herein. In otherembodiments, Vitamin K is in an amount from 175 mg to 250 mg per dose(e.g., capsule) in the compositions and formulations provided herein. Insadditional embodiments, the compositions and formulations providedherein further comprise biculatamide (Casodex) (in addition to aDIM-related indole). In other additional embodiments, the compositionsand formulations provided herein further comprise artemether (inaddition to a DIM-related indole). In other embodiments, thecompositions and formulations provided herein further comprise tamoxifen(in addition to a DIM-related indole). In particular embodiments, aDIM-related indole, such as DIM, is in an amount from 25 to 100 mg perdose (e.g., capsule) in the compositions and formulations providedherein (when used either as the only biologically active agent ortogether with one or more additional biologically active agents in thecompositions and formulations described herein).

The compositions and formulations described herein can be used, withoutlimitation, for: (i) treating or preventing a skin condition such asacne (wherein the compositions described herein may comprise a retinoidagent (such as Retinyl palmitate or another retinoid agent describedherein or known in the art) and/or Vitamin D as a second API); (ii)promoting sleep, reducing sleep latency, improving sleep quality, orreducing the number of night-time awakenings in a subject (wherein thecompositions described herein may comprise melatonin as a second API);(iii) promoting bone health and/or heart health (wherein thecompositions described herein may comprise Vitamin K as a second API);(iv) treating prostate cancer (wherein the compositions described hereinmay comprise biculatamide (casodex) as a second API); (v) treatingbreast cancer (wherein the compositions described herein may comprisetamoxifen as a second API); or (vi) treating parasitic diseases, such asmalaria (wherein the compositions described herein may compriseartemether as a second API). In some embodiments, the compositions andformulations described herein are used for treating or preventing atopicdermatitis in a subject (such as a mammalian subject, e.g., a human, adog, or a cat). The methods of treatment, dosages and treatment regimenscontemplated herein are further described in the detailed description.

3.1 Terminology

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API): Active chemical entity utilizedin compositions and formulations of the present invention. API issynonomous with Active Nutraceutical Ingredient in the context of thepresent invention.

Partition Coefficient (log P): This factor describes the lipophilicityof a molecule corresponding to the partition coefficient of a compoundbetween a lipophilic and a hydrophilic phase, usually 1-octanol andwater. The partition coefficient is the concentration of the drug in theorganic layer divided by that in the aqueous one. Log P is defined asthe decadic logarithm of P. Higher log P values indicate non-polarsolubility requirements and lipophilicity. The meaning of the term“partition coefficient” or “log P” used herein is the same as that knownin the art.

Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) andSelf-micro-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS): SEDDS and SMEDDSare physically stable isotropic mixtures of a solvent (e.g., oil),surfactants, co-surfactants and solubilized drug substance that can beadministered, for example, orally in soft or hard gelatin capsules.SEDDS and SMEDDS readily disperse in the GI-tract, where the motility inthe stomach and intestine allow for emulsification. Self-emulsifyingproperties are conferred by proper selection of the solvent/surfactantsystem combinations. In order to reach the optimum HLB value requiredfor the emulsification, appropriate combinations of different solventsand surfactants must be found for any specific active pharmaceutical ornutraceutical ingredient. SMEDDS formulations, when contacted with anaqueous medium, form a spontaneous emulsion with a mean particle orglobule size in diameter of close to or less than 1 micron, and thus,are called self “micro-emulsifying” drug delivery systems or SMEDDS.

Self-emulsifying DIM compositions of the invention are DIM SEDDS and DIMSMEDDS compositions. DIM SEDDS and DIM SMEDDS of the present inventiondescribe compositions and formulations which, when contacted with anaqueous medium (such as mixed with water or gastrointestinal fluids),produce a fine oil-in-water emulsion. Particularly, the DIM SMEDDS ofthe present invention, when contacted with an aqueous medium, form anemulsion with a mean particle or globule size in diameter of less than 1micron, and in preferred embodiments, less than 400 nm, more preferablyless than 200 nm, and most preferably less than 100 nm. Whereas DIMSEDDS compositions are self-emulsifying compositions that encompasscompositions which form an emulsion having a mean particle or globulesize in diameter of less than 1 micron (i.e., DIM SMEDDS) andcompositions which form an emulsion having a mean particle or globulesize equal to or more than 1 micron.

Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB): The HLB is an empirical formulathat is used to characterize surfactants and to select those appropriatefor preparation of microemulsions. The term “HLB” is an abbreviation forHydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balance and describes solvent capacity ofsurfactants. Both non-ionic and ionic surfactants are utilized in thepresent invention in specific combinations constituting the “surfactantsystem” selected to be less affected by pH, ionic strength changes, anddigestive enzymes. The HLB value of each lipid vehicle is calculatedaccording to the following formula: HLB=20(1−S/A), where S is thesaponification number of the ester and A is the acid number of the fattyacid. For formulas for calculating HLB values, and for HLB values ofcertain surfactants and co-surfactants, see also Griffin, W M, 1954,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 5 (4): 249-56, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Surfactant System: A combination of complementary surfactants andco-surfactants with different HLB values and, optionally, additionalemulsification enhancers for specific combined solubilizing capacity forthe APIs of the present invention.

Globule Size Determinants: The globule or particle size of the dispersedphase of mixtures of solvents and surfactants with the dissolved activeingredient is determined by a number of factors including the method ofpreparation, the concentration and identity of the solvent/surfactantsystem and the relative amounts of the individual components. The medianglobule size as reported is often a normal distribution.

Area Under the Curve (AUC): In the field of pharmacokinetics, the areaunder the curve (AUC) is the area under the curve in a plot ofconcentration of drug in blood plasma over time. Typically, the area iscomputed starting at the time the drug is administered and ending whenthe concentration in plasma is negligible. The AUC (from zero toinfinity) represents the total drug exposure over time. Bioavailabilitygenerally refers to the fraction of drug absorbed systemically. This isoften measured by quantifying the AUC. The AUC is useful, for example,when trying to determine whether two formulations providing the samedose of a drug release the same quantity of the drug into the bloodstream.

Maximal Concentration (Cmax): Cmax is a term used in pharmacokinetics torefer to the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achievesin a specified compartment, like blood plasma, after the drug has beenadministrated.

As used herein, the term “subject” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably to refer to an animal (e.g., cow, horse, sheep, pig,chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, etc.).In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal such as a non-primate and aprimate (e.g., monkey and human). In specific embodiments, the subjectis a human.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” in the context of the amountof one API (a DIM-related indole) or an amount of a combination of APIsused in the compositions and formulations described herein refers to theamount of API(s) that results in a beneficial or therapeutic effect. Inspecific embodiments, an “effective amount” is an amount of the API(i.e., a DIM-related indole alone, or a DIM-related indole incombination with one or more additional APIs) which is sufficient toachieve at least one, two, three, four or more of the following effects:(i) reduction or amelioration of the severity of a disease or conditionin the subject or population of subjects or a symptom associatedtherewith; (ii) reduction of the duration of a disease or condition inthe subject or population of subjects or a symptom associated therewith;(iii) prevention of the progression of a disease or condition in thesubject or population of subjects or a symptom associated therewith;(iv) regression of a disease or condition in the subject or populationof subjects or a symptom associated therewith; (v) prevention of thedevelopment or onset of a disease or condition in the subject orpopulation of subjects or a symptom associated therewith; (vi)prevention of the recurrence of a disease or condition in the subject orpopulation of subjects or a symptom associated therewith; (vii)prevention or reduction of the spread of a disease from the subject orpopulation of subjects to another subject or population of subjects;(viii) elimination of a disease or condition in the subject orpopulation of subjects; (ix) enhancement or improvement of theprophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy in the subjector population of subjects; (x) reduction of the number and/or severityof symptoms of a disease or condition in the subject or population ofsubjects; (xi) the clearance of an infection with a pathogen (e.g., aparasite); (xii) the eradication of one or more symptoms associated withan infection; (xiii) the reduction of time required to clear aninfection; (xiv) the reduction or amelioration of the severity of aninfection and/or one or more symptoms associated therewith; (xi) thereduction or elimination of a pathogen as measured by, e.g., parasitecount; (xvi) the prevention of an increase in the pathogen numbers asmeasured by, e.g., parasite count; (xvii) the prevention of thedevelopment or onset of an infection or one or more symptoms associatedtherewith; (xviii) the inhibition of the progression of a cancer and/orone or more symptoms associated therewith; (xix) a reduction in thegrowth of a tumor or neoplasm, e.g., a decrease in tumor size (e.g.,volume or diameter); (xx) eradication, removal, or control of cancer;and/or (xxi) a decrease in the number or size of metastases; (xxii) anincrease in tumor-free survival rate of patients, (xxiii) increase inrelapse free survival, or (xxiv) an increase in the number of patientsin remission.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Bar Chart showing Area Under the Curve (AUC) comparison ofunformulated Crystalline DIM, spray dried BR-DIM, and DIM SMEDDSPharmaceutical Formulation “D”. Mean AUC (ng/ml*hr) for variousDiindolylmethane (DIM) formulations is shown.

FIG. 2: Diindolylmethane (DIM) Plasma Concentrations vs. Time forvarious DIM formulations during Human Use. Composite Chart of humanstudies of DIM plasma levels versus time for 6 hour testing period ofCrystalline DIM, spray dried BR-DIM, and DIM SMEDDS PharmaceuticalFormulation “D”.

FIG. 3: Comparison of the quantity of dissolved DIM in the aqueous phasedetermined by HPLC during 4 separately conducted In Vitro DigestionAssays including dispersion and digestion test periods.

FIG. 4A: Polarized-light micrograph of DIM SMEDDS PharmaceuticalFormulation “D” dispersed in water at magnification X 10. FIG. 4B:Polarized-light micrograph of DIM SMEDDS Pharmaceutical Formulation “L”dispersed in water at magnification X 20. FIG. 4C: Polarized-lightmicrograph of DIM SMEDDS Nutritional Formulation “N” dispersed in waterat magnification X 20.

FIG. 5A: Pharmaceutical DIM SMEDDS Oil in Water Dispersion GlobuleVolume—Globule Size Distribution Chart showing globule diameter (d.nm)for DIM Pharmaceutical SMEDDS Formulation “G” with poloxamer and withphosphatidyl choline (PC). FIG. 5B: Pharmaceutical DIM SMEDDS Oil inWater Dispersion Globule Volume—Globule Size Distribution Chart showingglobule diameter (d.nm) for DIM Pharmaceutical SMEDDS Formulation “M”with poloxamer and without PC. These Figures show the contribution of PCto smaller globule diameter in nanometers (d.nm).

FIG. 6A: Nutritional DIM SMEDDS Oil in Water Dispersion GlobuleVolume—Globule Size Distribution Chart showing globule diameter (d.nm)for Nutritional DIM SMEDDS Formulation “N” with PC. FIG. 6B: NutritionalDIM SMEDDS Oil in Water Dispersion Globule Volume—Globule SizeDistribution Chart showing globule diameter (d.nm) for Nutritional DIMSMEDDS Formulation “P” without PC. These Figures show the contributionof PC to smaller globule diameter in nanometers (d.nm).

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To develop DIM compositions with improved bioavailability and sustainedabsorption, the inventors developed self-emulsifying DIM compositions(SEDDS or SMEDDS DIM compositions), which required testing multipleexciptients and combination of excipients and identifying mixtures ofexcipients that are highly miscible and specifically matched to thesolubilization requirements of DIM as an API. Development of suchcompositions providing DIM in a dissolved state and resulting inself-emulsification and limited re-crystallization in thegastro-intestinal environment yielded DIM compositions and formulationshaving improved bioavailability, in particular, improved oralbioavailability.

In particular, the present invention is the result of the discovery ofspecific combinations of carrier excipients (including carrier solvents,surfactants and co-surfactants) that dissolve crystalline 3,3′diindolylmethane (DIM) forming pre-concentrates that can accommodate ahigh percentage of DIM. Upon ingestion and exposure to the intestinalmileau, the pre-concentrate spontaneously emulsifies to form adispersion of fine oil-in-water emulsion globules increasing thegastrointestinal exposure and systemic absorption of DIM.

Arriving at the desired self-emulsifying DIM compositions, includingtheir individual components and the mixture of the components, requiredinvestigation of the physicochemical characteristics of DIM,specifically, the solubility of DIM in various components and the mutualmiscibility of the components. The compositions described herein yieldDIM formulations that achieve markedly increased oral bioavailability ofDIM compared to that of crystalline DIM.

In order to develop the compositions described herein, the inventorsfirst assessed the relevant physicochemical characteristics of DIM andcertain DIM-related indoles. These physicochemical properties were notpredictable from those of Indole-3-carbinol, the monomeric indolylicprecursor to DIM which is water soluble and highly unstable in acid.

The inventors found that, when tested in water, DIM demonstrated amaximal solubility of 0.7 μg/ml. When tested in an aqueous acidenvironment of pH 2, which is similar to the human gastric environment,DIM's solubility was essentially unchanged with a maximal solubility of0.6 μg/ml. Further, DIM has demonstrated stability in neutral and acidicmedia and a middle range of lipid solubility.

Evaluation of the log P of DIM was necessary to guide the choice ofpotential excipients from which to develop prototype self-emulsifyingDIM formulations. The inventors further determined that the experimentallog P of DIM is 3.583. Based on a LogP of 3.583, DIM is a molecule ofuncertain formulation requirements since the log P is not greater than5. A log P of greater than 5 is generally required for an API to beamenable to increased lymphatic based absorption (see Trevaskis et al.,2008, Lipid-based delivery systems and intestinal lymphatic drugtransport: a mechanistic update, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 60(6):702-16). Alog P of 3.583 and in the range of 3 and greater also indicates poorwater solubility and difficulty for formulations to increase watersolubility sufficiently to enter hepatic portal venous blood. A log P of3.583 for DIM further indicates intermediate lipid solubility for DIM.

Based on the physicochemical characteristics of DIM, the inventorsidentified a group of DIM-related indoles which, based on theircalculated log P values, are expected to possess physicochemical andsolubility properties similar to those of DIM, and thus, are expected tohave the same formulation requirements as DIM. Accordingly, thecompositions or formulations described herein encompass compositionscomprising, as an active ingredient, a DIM-related indole with log Pbetween 3 and 5.5 or between 3.2 and 5 (which may be anexperimentally-determined log P or a calculated log P). Such DIM-relatedindoles include, without limitation, 2,2-bis(3,3′indolyl)acetaldehydeand 2-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-Diindolylmethane (LTR).

Further, the inventors of the present invention identified throughexperimentation compatible carrier excipients (including carriersolvents, surfactants and co-surfactants) for self-emulsifyingcompositions of DIM-related indoles. This was accomplished bydetermining how DIM dissolves in the tested excipients from each classof excipients (i.e., carrier solvents, surfactants and co-surfactants)individually. Only a small subset of potential excipients showed bothability to dissolve DIM and also demonstrated mutual compatibilityforming miscible stable mixtures. The inventors of the present inventionalso identified preferred mixtures of excipients (including preferredcarrier solvents, surfactants and co-surfactants, and theircombinations) from the excipients deemed to be the most compatible andinteractive by the inventors, based on the solubility and stability ofdissolved DIM in the mixtures. Preferred mixtures yielded DIMcompositions characterized by continued solubility of DIM withoutrecrystallization of DIM (or with reduced or minimal recrystallizationof DIM) in the mixture of excipients (or upon dispersion in water orcontact with intestinal fluids).

The inventors of the present invention further determined the mostsuccessful prototype self-emulsifying DIM compositions which retainsolubilizing activity and produce the smallest oil-in-water emulsionglobule size following spontaneous emulsification (e.g., on dispersiontesting in aqueous media). The inventors of the present inventionunexpectedly discovered that certain additives enhance DIM's solubility,thus, identifying additives with particularly advantageous DIMsolubilizing characteristics. In particular, lecithin fractions rich inphosphatidyl choline in the mixture were found to confer advantages inself-emulsifying activity and reducing globule size.

The inventors of the present invention also developed particularlyadvantageous mixtures of carrier excipients that are capable ofdissolving the most DIM per weight of the formulation, and thus, capableof maximizing drug loading capacity of the formulation.

The inventors of the present invention also unexepectedly discoveredthat the use of certain additives advantageously changes the behavior ofthe formulation to minimize re-crystallization on simulated digestiontesting. In particular, long chain fatty acid triglycerides andpoloxamer polymers were found to reduce globule size and minimizecrystal formation. Particularly advantageous among additives werepoloxymer polymers (for example, at low concentration in theformulation).

The inventors of the present invention further identified food gradeexcipients, including Peppermint oil, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride,propylene glycol monocaprylate, Polysorbate 80, and phosphatidylcholine, that can be used in the compositions and formulations describedherein. The use of such food grade excipients in pharmaceutical andnutraceutical formulations contemplated herein can widen the scope ofregulatory acceptance of such formulations.

The present invention encompasses self-emulsifying DIM compositions(such as those described herein) which show stability overtime withoutevidence of recrystallization of DIM in the formulation duringshelf-life aging.

The inventors of the present invention also assessed whether theself-emulsifying DIM formulations described herein demonstratecompatibility with appropriate capsule forming materials including softand hard shell gelatin capsules. They were found to be compatible.

Furthermore, the inventors of the present invention demonstrated thatthe self-emulsifying formulations developed for DIM demonstrateadvantageous absorption, Cmax concentration levels, AUC exposure, andtolerability in animal and human testing. The inventors found that theself-emulsifying DIM compositions described herein do, in fact, showincreased absorption Cmax concentration levels and AUC exposure incomparison to other absorption enhancing formulations and crystallinesuspensions of DIM. Higher Cmax concentration levels and AUC exposurecorrelate with greater bioavailability, and thus, the self-emulsifyingDIM formulations described herein possess greater bioavailability overother absorption enhancing formulations and crystalline suspensions ofDIM. Because of these properties of the compositions and formulations ofthe invention, their use for pharmaceutical and nutraceuitical purposesis expected to result in improved therapeutic responses relative to theuse of other absorption enhancing formulations and crystallinesuspensions of DIM.

Overall, the preferred DIM compositions developed by the inventorsresulted in loading of the formulation with higher percentage of DIM,smaller globule size following spontaneous emulsification, modificationof recrystallization of DIM during digestion and increased oralbioavailability of DIM compared to crystalline DIM and otherabsorption-enhanced non-SEDDS/non-SMEDDS formulations of DIM.

The present invention further encompasses methods of makingpharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations using self-emulsifyingcompositions of DIM and certain DIM-related indoles described herein.Such methods may comprise formulation steps that utilize volatile,non-toxic solvents to dilute the self-emulsifying compositions describedherein while preserving the capacity to keep DIM in solution. In someembodiments, such diluted self-emulsifying DIM formulations are thenapplied to an absorbent delivery device or material and dried allowingthe self-emulsifying formulation to be reconstituted.

In particular, provided herein are compositions comprising a DIM-relatedindole having log P from 3 to 5.5 and a carrier, wherein the carriercomprises a solvent, one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than7, and one or more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7.Optionally, the carrier may also comprise one or more additional agents.Such one or more additional agents can comprise an agent that inhibitscrystallization of the DIM-related indole, an agent that decreases thesize of oil-in-water emulsion globules or particles (produced by thecompositons described herein upon contact with intestinal fluid (whichoccurs upon ingestion) or dispersion in water), and/or an agent thatincreases oral bioavailability of a DIM-related indole (upon oraladministration to a subject). Such one or more additional agents can,for example, comprise a triglyceride or a derivative thereof. Such oneor more additional agents can, for example, comprise a polyethyleneoxide polypropylene oxide block copolymer (such asHO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H). In specific embodiments, such oneor more additional agents can comprise a poloxamer. In additionalembodiments, such one or more additional agents can comprise a lecithin(e.g., phosphatidyl choline (PC)). Lecithins are co-surfactants with anHLB less than 7, and thus can be used as the “co-surfactant with an HLBof equal or less than 7” component of the compositions described herein,as well as an additional agent, in addition to one or more otherco-surfactants with an HLB of equal or less than 7. Without being boundby any theory, triglycerides, poloxamers and/or lecithins may be used inthe compositions described herein to reduce the size of oil-in-wateremulsion globules carrying the API (such as DIM), prevent or reducere-crystallization of the API (such as DIM), and increase oralbioavailability of the API (such as DIM). The individual components andproperties of the compositions provided herein, as well as the dosingregimens and uses of such compositions, are described in more detailbelow.

5.1 DIM-Related Indoles for Use in the Compositions of the Invention

The DIM-related indoles for use in the compositions described hereinhave log P from 3 to 5.5 (which can be an experimentally-determined logP value or a calculated log P value, e.g., log P calculated usingsoftware known in the art such as ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 software(CambridgeSoft)). In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in thecompositions described herein has log P from 3.0 to 5.2. In someembodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositions describedherein has log P from 3.2 to 5.2. In some embodiments, a DIM-relatedindole used in the compositions described herein has log P from 3.2 to5.5. In specific embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in thecompositions described herein has log P from 3.2 to 5.0.

As used herein, “DIM-related compound,” “DIM-related indole,” and “DIMderivative” are used interchangeably, and refer to both naturalmetabolites and analogs of DIM, and also to “structurally-related,synthetically-derived, substituted diindolylmethane compounds” and“synthetic derivatives of DIM”, such as those disclosed herein and knownin the art. Such DIM-related compounds encompassed herein are thoseDIM-related compounds that have log P from 3.0 to 5.5. One of ordinaryskill in the art will recognize that in any of the compositions of theinvention where DIM is used, a DIM-related compound, including astructurally-related, synthetically-derived, substituteddiindolylmethane compound or synthetic derivative of DIM, can be used aslong as its log P is from 3.0 to 5.5. The DIM-related indoles useful inthe compositions of the invention include DIM (3,3′-diindolylmethane)and the related linear DIM trimer(2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane [also written: 2(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-indol-3-yl]indol-3-ylmethane] (LTR).

The chemical structure of a DIM is as follows (where each of the Rgroups is H):

In particular embodiments, the DIM-related indole is a compound offormula I, wherein R⁴², R⁵¹, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁴¹, R⁵⁰, R³¹,R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R⁹¹ individually and independently, are hydrogen or asubstituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, a hydroxyl,a nitro, —OR¹⁰⁰, —CN, —NR¹⁰⁰R¹⁰¹, —NR¹⁰⁰R¹⁰¹R¹⁰², —COR¹⁰⁰, CF₃,—S(O)nR¹⁰⁰ (n=0-2), —SO₂NR¹⁰⁰R¹⁰¹, —CONR¹⁰⁰R¹⁰¹, —NR¹⁰⁰COR¹⁰¹,—NR¹⁰⁰C(O)NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², —P(O)(OR¹⁰⁰)_(n) (n=1-2), optionally substitutedalkyl, halovinyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, oroptionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloakenyl, all of one to tencarbons and optionally containing 1-3 heteroatoms O or N, wherein R¹⁰⁰,R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynl, aryl,heteroalkyl, heteroaryl of one to ten carbons, and R⁹⁰ and R⁹¹ mayfurther be O to create a ketone. In particular embodiments, the compoundincludes at least one such substituent, preferably at a position otherthan, or in addition to R⁴² and R⁴¹, the linear or branched alkyl oralkoxy group is one to five carbons, and/or the halogen is selected fromthe group consisting of chlorine, iodine, bromine and fluorine.

In particular embodiments, the indolyl moieties are symmetricallysubstituted, wherein each moiety is similarly mono-, di-, tri-, para-,etc. substituted. In other particular embodiments, R⁴², R⁵¹, R³⁵, R³⁷,R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁴¹, R⁵⁰, R³¹, R³³, R³⁴ and R⁹¹ are hydrogen, and R³⁶ and R³²are a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, iodine,bromine and fluorine. Representative compounds include, but are notlimited to, 3,3′-diindolylmethane, 5,5′-dichloro-diindolylmethane;5,5′-dibromo-diindolylmethane; and 5,5′-difluoro-diindolylmethane.Additional DIM derivatives include compounds wherein R⁴², R⁵¹, R³⁵, R³⁷,R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁴¹, R⁵⁰, R³¹, R³³, R³⁴ and R⁹¹ are hydrogen, and R³⁶ and R³²are an alkyl or alkoxyl having from one to ten carbons, and preferablyone to five carbons. Representative compounds include, but are notlimited to, 5,5′-dimethyl-diindolylmethane,5,5′-diethyl-diindolylmethane, 5,5′-dipropyl-diindolylmethane,5,5′-dibutyl-diindolylmethane, 5,5′-dipentyl-diindolylmethane,5,5′-dimethoxy-diindolylmethane, 5,5′-diethoxy-diindolylmethane,5,5′-dipropyloxy-diindolylmethane, 5,5′-dibutyloxy-diindolylmethane, and5,5′-diamyloxy-diindolylmethane.

Additional DIM derivatives include compounds wherein R⁵¹, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷,R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁵⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R⁹¹ are hydrogen, and R⁴² and R⁴¹are an alkyl or alkoxyl having from one to ten carbons, and preferablyone to five carbons. Representative compounds include, but are notlimited to, N,N′-dimethyl-diindolylmethane,N,N′-diethyl-diindolylmethane, N,N′-dipropyl-diindolylmethane,N,N′-dibutyl-diindolylmethane, and N,N′-dipentyl-diindolylmethane. Inyet another embodiment, R⁴², R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁴¹, R³¹, R³²,R³³, R³⁴ and R⁹¹ are hydrogen, and R⁵¹ and R⁵⁰ are alkyl of one to tencarbons, and preferably one to five carbons. Representative compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, 2,2′-dimethyl-diindolylmethane,2,2′-diethyl-diindolylmethane, 2,2′-dipropyl-diindolylmethane,2,2′-dibutyl-diindolylmethane, and 2,2′-dipentyl-diindolylmethane. Inanother embodiment, R⁴², R⁵¹, R³⁵, R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁹⁰, R⁴¹, R⁵⁰, R³¹, R³³,R³⁴ and R⁹¹ are hydrogen, and R³⁶ and R³² are nitro.

In an alternative embodiment, active DIM derivatives with R₃₂ and R₃₆substituents made up of ethoxycarbonyl groups, and R₅₀, R₅₁ are eitherhydrogen or methyl, are utilized.

In another embodiment, active substituted DIM derivatives includingmethylated and chlorinated compounds, exemplified by those that include5,5′-dimethylDIM (5-Me-DIM), 2,2′-dimethylDIM (2-Me-DIM), and5,5′-dichloroDIM (5-Cl-DIM) are described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20020115708 by Safe, published Aug. 22, 2002,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, are utilized in thepresent invention. In another embodiment, active DIM derivatives includeimidazolelyl-3,3′-diindolylmethane, including nitro substitutedimidazolelyl-3,3′-diindolylmethanes, and additional DIM-relatedcompounds described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2004/0043965 by Jong, Ling, published Mar. 4, 2004, incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety, are utilized. In a further embodiment,active DIM derivatives described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,963, 6,369,095and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060229355 by Bjeldanes etal., published Oct. 12, 2006, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, are utilized.

The chemical structure of LTR is as follows (where each of the R groupsis H):

In certain embodiments, an active hydroxylated or methyoxylatedmetabolite of LTR, i.e., a compound of formula II, wherein R⁶², R⁶³,R⁶⁶, R⁶⁷, R⁷⁰, and R₇₁ are substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, and methoxy, and R⁶¹, R⁶⁴, R⁶⁵,R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹, R⁷², R⁸¹, R⁸², and R⁸³ are hydrogen, is utilized.

In certain embodiments, a DIM related compound has formula (III):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato, carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl,mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido,cyano, isocyano, cyanato, isocyanato, isothiocyanato, azido, formyl,thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino, C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₆-C₂₀arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino, nitro, nitroso, sulfo,sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl,C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl,phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino, andcombinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents may be linked to form a cyclic structure selected fromfive-membered rings, six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/orsix-membered rings, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic,heteroaromatic, or heteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogensubstituents and zero to 3 heteroatoms; and R″ and R^(ig) areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl, amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and di-(C₁-C₂₄alkyl)amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, with the provisos that: at leastone of R¹, R₂, R³, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R¹¹ and R¹² is otherthan hydrogen; and when R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are selected fromhydrogen, halo, alkyl and alkoxy, then R¹¹ and R¹² are other thanhydrogen and alkyl.

In another embodiment a DIM related comnound has formula (IV):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato, carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl,mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido,cyano, isocyano, cyanato, isocyanato, isothiocyanato, azido, formyl,thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-and di-(C5-Cao aryl)-substituted amino, C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₅-C₂₀arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino, nitro, nitroso, sulfo,sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl,C5-Cao arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl,phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino, andcombinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents may be linked to form a cyclic structure selected fromfive-membered rings, six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/orsix-membered rings, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic,heteroaromatic, or heteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogensubstituents and zero to 3 heteroatoms, with the proviso that one butnot both of R² and R⁶ is amino, mono-substituted amino, ordi-substituted amino; R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl,amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄ alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄alkyl, and di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl; R¹³ and R¹⁴are defined as for R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸, with the provisothat at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is other than hydrogen; and X is O, S,arylene, heteroarylene, CR¹⁵R¹⁶ or NR¹⁷ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ arehydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or together form ═CR¹⁸R¹⁹ where R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ arehydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, and R¹⁷ is as defined for R¹¹ and R¹².

In another embodiment, a DIM related compound has formula (V):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹, R¹², and X are defined asfor compounds of formula (III); and R²⁰ and R²¹ are defined as for R¹,R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸.

In certain embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is any of the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No.6,589,975 to Jacobs et al., which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety (as long as log P of such compounds is from 3 to 5.5). Inspecific embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is a compound of the following formula described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,589,975 to Jacobs et al., which is specificallyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety, as long as suchcompound has log P from 3 to 5.5 or, preferably, from 3.2 to 5.2:

-   -   wherein R₁₋₁₀ are the same of different selected from —H, —OH,        halogen, —COOH, —COOR, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxyl, mesyl, tosyl,        —OCOR, or NZ₁Z₂ (wherein the Zs can be the same or different);    -   X₁ and X₂ are the same or different selected from —H, —R, —COY,        or C(NZ₁)Y:    -   Y is —H, —OH, NZ₁Z₂ (wherein the Z₁ and Z₂ can be the same or        different), C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxyl or an amino acid linked        through the amine functionality forming an amide bond;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are the same or different and independently selected        from —H, —OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxyl or —COR; and    -   R is C₁-C₈ alkyl, or aryl.

In particular embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is Compound I, II or III described in U.S. Pat. No.6,589,975 to Jacobs et al. (see col. 5), which are specificallyincorporated by reference herein. In particular, compounds I, II and IIIare Soritin A, HB-238 (I), bis(3,3′indolyl)methane (II), and2,2-bis(3,3′indolyl)acetaldehyde, HB-237 (III) having the followingstructures:

In certain embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is any of the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No.6,323,233 to Wright et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,697 to Wright et al.,each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties(as long as log P of such compounds is from 3 to 5.5).

In preferred embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is an unsubstituted 3,3′-diindolylmethane compound oran unsubstituted 2,2′-diindolylmethane according to the followingstructures:

In a preferred embodiment, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is DIM.

In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is a substituted 3,3′-diindolylmethane compound or asubstituted 2,2′-diindolylmethane wherein the R groups may be the sameor different and are selected from hydrogen atoms, or from CH₃:

In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is a substituted 3,3′-diindolylmethane where R and Zare hydrogen, X₁ is hydrogen, and X₂ is CH₃ or X₂ is hydrogen and X₁ isCH₃. In one embodiment, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is 2,2-bis(3,3′-indolyl) acetaldehyde.

In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is a substituted 2,2′-diindolylmethane where R and Zare hydrogen, X₁ is hydrogen, and X₂ is CH₃ or X₂ is hydrogen and X₁ isCH₃. In one embodiment, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is 2,2-bis(2,2′-indolyl) acetaldehyde.

In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is a substituted 3,3′-diindolylmethane compound or asubstituted 2,2′diindolylmethane wherein the Z groups are CH₃.

In some embodiments, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein can be a substituted DIM derivative, includingmethylated, chlorinated or fluorinated compounds, that include, withoutlimitation, 5,5′-dimethylDIM (5-Me-DIM), 2,2′-dimethylDIM (2-Me-DIM),and 5,5′-dichloroDIM (5-Cl-DIM). In one embodiment, a DIM-related indoleused in the compositions described herein is 5,5′-difluoroDIM (5-F-DIM).Such compounds are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020115708by Safe, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Suchcompounds described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020115708 can beutilized in the compositions described herein.

In one embodiment, a DIM-related indole used in the compositionsdescribed herein is 2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane (alsoknown as 2 (Indol-3-ylmethyl)-indol-3-yl]indol-3-ylmethane, or “LTR”).The chemical structure of LTR is as follows (where each of the R groupsis H):

The DIM-related indoles encompassed by the present invention do notinclude P-DIM. The DIM-related indoles encompassed by the presentinvention do not include indole-3-carbinol.

5.2 Solvents for Use in the Compositions of the Invention

The solvents for use in the compositions described herein include,without limitation, Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol, essential oils and lipids. Incertain embodiments, solvents for use in the compositions describedherein include, without limitation, a carylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride, a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol, ricegerm oil, rice bran oil, Capmul MCM C8, Capmul PG8, Lauroglycol FCC,ethyl myristate, green lipped muscle oil, and krill oil. In someembodiments, the solvent is a lipid or an oil (e.g., essential oil).Essential oils for use in the compositions and methods described hereininclude, without limitation, peppermint oil, orange oil, lemon oil,limonene, lime oil, clove oil, mustard oil, black cumin oil, tea treeoil, wintergreen oil, lavender oil, ginger oil, nutmeg oil, fennel oil,eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, borage oil, rice germ oil, rice bran oil,pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn., Punicaceae) seed oil, and sunfloweroil. In some embodiments, the essential oil is peppermint oil, orangeoil, lemon oil, limonene, lime oil, clove oil, mustard oil, black cuminoil, tea tree oil, wintergreen oil, lavender oil, ginger oil, nutmegoil, fennel oil, eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, borage oil, rice germoil, rice bran oil, pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn., Punicaceae) seedoil, or cinnamon bark oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Lipids for use in thecompositions and methods described herein include, without limitation,glycerol mono- and di-esters and tri-esters. Solvent oils that can beused in the compositions of the present invention include, withoutlimitation, triglycerides with long chain fatty acids, such as oleicacid, myristic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid rapeseed oil, sesameoil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil. In some embodiments, the solventoil is not olive oil or sunflower oil.

In some embodiments, the solvent is in an amount greater than or equalto 4% or 5% by weight in the compositions described herein. In certainembodiments, the solvent is in an amount from 4% to 55% by weight orfrom 5% to 55% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inspecific embodiments, the solvent is in an amount from 5% to 55% or from5% to 50% by weight. In some embodiments, the solvent is in an amount ofat least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20% or at least 25% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In specific embodiments, the solventis in an amount from 10% to 55% by weight, from 10% to 50% by weight,from 15% to 55% by weight, from 15% to 50% by weight, from 20% to 55% byweight, from 20% to 50% by weight, from 25% to 55% by weight, or from25% to 50% by weight.

In specific embodiments, a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is in theamount from 30 to 45% by weight. In one embodiment, a diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether is in the amount of at least 20% by weight. In oneembodiment, a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is in the amount of atleast 25% by weight. In one embodiment, a diethylene glycol monoethylether is in the amount of at least 30% by weight. In one embodiment, adiethylene glycol monoethyl ether is in the amount of at least 35% byweight.

In specific embodiments, a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride is in theamount from 25% to 55% by weight. In one embodiment, a caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glyceride is in the amount of at least 20% by weight. In oneembodiment, a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride is in the amount of atleast 25% by weight. In one embodiment, a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride is in the amount of at least 30% by weight. In one embodiment,a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride is in the amount of at least 40%by weight.

In specific embodiments, peppermint oil is in the amount of 5% to 15% byweight in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment,peppermint oil is in the amount of at least 5% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, peppermint oil is inthe amount of at least 8% by weight in the compositions describedherein. In one embodiment, peppermint oil is in the amount of about 10%or at least 10% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inspecific embodiments, rosemary oil is in the amount of 5% to 15% byweight in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment, rosemaryoil is in the amount of at least 5% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In one embodiment, roseamry oil is in the amount of atleast 8% by weight in the compositions described herein. In oneembodiment, rosemary oil is in the amount of about 10% or at least 10%by weight in the compositions described herein.

In particular embodiments of nutritional or nutraceutical compositionsand formulations described herein, the solvent is an essential oil,e.g., peppermint oil. In specific embodiments of nutritional ornutraceutical compositions and formulations described herein, thesolvent is rosemary oil. In other particular embodiments of nutritionalor nutraceutical compositions and formulations described herein, thesolvent is propylene glycol. In some embodiments of nutritional ornutraceutical compositions described herein, the solvent is in an amountfrom 3% to 15% by weight, or, more specifically from 5% to 10% by weightin the compositions described herein. In some embodiments of nutritionalor nutraceutical compositions described herein, the solvent is in anamount from 7% to 20% by weight.

In particular embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions andformulations described herein, the solvent is a caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glyceride or a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In someembodiments of pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the solventis in an amount from 10% to 40% by weight, or, more specifically, from20% to 30% by weight in the compositions described herein (e.g., forpharmaceutical compositions described herein). In some embodiments ofpharmaceutical compositions described herein, the solvent is in anamount from 20% to 55%, from 25% to 55%, from 20% to 50% or from 25% to50% by weight.

One or more solvents can be used in the compositions described herein.In some embodiments, one type of solvent is used in the compositons ofthe invention. In other embodiments, two or more different solvents areused in the compositons of the invention.

In certain embodiments, the solvent used in the compositions describedherein is not an Enova oil and/or is not Cremophor EUL.

5.3 Surfactants with an HLB greater than 7 for Use in the Compositionsof the Invention

The surfactants for use in the compositions described herein aresurfactants with an HLB greater than 7. Such surfactants includesurfactants with an HLB greater than 7 described in this application andknown in the art. The HLB values of some of the surfactants with an HLBgreater than 7 that can be used in the compositions described herein canbe found, e.g., in Griffin, WM, 1954, Journal of the Society of CosmeticChemists 5 (4): 249-56, which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

The surfactants with an HLB greater than 7 for use in the compositionsdescribed herein include, without limitation, polysorbates (polyethyleneglycol sorbitan fatty acid esters), polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers,sugar esters, polyoxyethylated fatty acids, citric acid esters ofmonoglycerides, polyglycerol esters, polyoxyethylated fatty aciddiesters, polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters,polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polyoxyethylated hydrogenated castoroil.

One or more surfactants with an HLB greater than 7 are contemplated foruse in the compositions described herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 comprisepolyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate (such as Polysorbate 80), alauroyl polyoxyl 32 glyceride or a polyoxyethyl hydroxyl stearate.

In one embodiment, the compositions described herein do not comprisePolysorbate 80. In particular, in some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions described herein do not comprise polyoxyethylelene sorbitanmonooleate (e.g., do not comprise Polysorbate 80). In other embodiments,the compositions described herein comprise Polysorbate 80. Inparticular, in some embodiments, the nutritional or nutraceuticalcompositions described herein comprise polyoxyethylelene sorbitanmonooleate (e.g., comprise Polysorbate 80). In some of theseembodiments, the compositions described herein comprise relatively lowformulation percentage of polyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate (such asPolysorbate 80). For example, in some embodiments, the compositionsdescribed herein comprise less than 35% of polyoxyethylelene sorbitanmonooleate (such as Polysorbate 80). In one embodiment, the compositionsdescribed herein comprise less than 30% of polyoxyethylelene sorbitanmonooleate (such as Polysorbate 80). In specific embodiments, thecompositions described herein comprise 25% or less than 25% to as low as5% of polyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate (such as Polysorbate 80). Inone embodiment, the compositions described herein comprise less than 10%polyoxyethylelene sorbitan monooleate (such as Polysorbate 80).

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise at leasttwo surfactants with an HLB greater than 7 (such as any of thesurfactants with HLB greater than 7 described herein or known in theart).

In certain embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 isin an amount of at least or more than 10%, more than 12%, more than 15%,more than 17.5%, more than 20% or more than 25% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, the surfactant withan HLB of greater than 7 is in an amount from 10% to 70% or from 10% to60% by weight in the compositions described herein. In particularembodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in anamount from 15% to 30% or from 18% to 25% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In specific embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB ofgreater than 7 is in an amount from 30% to 65% by weight, from 40% to60% by weight, or from 50% to 60% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In specific embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB ofgreater than 7 is in an amount from 20% to 50% by weight in thecompositions described herein. The compositions described herein maycomprise, in some embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greaterthan 7 is in an amount of at least 8% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB ofgreater than 7 is in an amount of at least 10% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In other embodiments, the surfactant withan HLB of greater than 7 is in an amount of at least 15% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In yet other embodiments, thesurfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in an amount of at least 20%by weight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thesurfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in an amount of at least 25%by weight in the compositions described herein. In additionalembodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7 is in anamount of at least 30% by weight in the compositions described herein.In additional embodiments, the surfactant with an HLB of greater than 7is in an amount of less than 50% by weight in the compositions describedherein.

In specific embodiments, Polysorbate 80 is in the amount from 15 to 30%or from 20% to 30% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inadditional embodiments, Polysorbate 80 is in the amount of at least 5%or 10% by weight in the compositions described herein. In someembodiments, Polysorbate 80 is in the amount of less than 25% by weightin the compositions described herein.

In other specific embodiments, a mixture of monoesters and diesters of12-hydroxystearic acid and macrogols is in an amount from 10% to 20% byweight in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment, amixture of monoesters and diesters of 12-hydroxystearic acid andmacrogols is in an amount of at least 10% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein.

In other specific embodiments, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in theamount of 15% to 25% or from 17% to 20% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In another embodiment, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerideis in the amount of 30% to 40% or from 18% to 35% by weight in thecompositions described herein. The compositions described herein maycomprise, in some embodiments, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in theamount of at least 8% by weight in the compositions described herein. Insome embodiments, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of atleast 10% by weight in the compositions described herein. In otherembodiments, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of atleast 15% by weight in the compositions described herein. In yet otherembodiments, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of atleast 18% by weight in the compositions described herein. In anotherembodiment, a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of at least20% by weight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments,a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of at least 25% byweight in the compositions described herein. In additional embodiments,a lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride is in the amount of at least 30% byweight in the compositions described herein.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein,the surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 are in an amount from 15to 30% or from 20% to 30% by weight. In some embodiments of thenutritional or nutraceutical compositions described herein, thesurfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 are in an amount from 50 to65% by weight.

In one embodiment, the surfactant with HLB greater than 7 is TPGS. TPGShas HLB of greater than 13.2. In another embodiment, the surfactant withan HLB greater than 7 is not TPGS. In specific embodiments, thenutritional or nutraceutical compositions described herein do notcomprise TPGS. In other specific embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions described herein do not comprise TPGS.

5.4 Co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 for Use in theCompositions of the Invention

The co-surfactants for use in the compositions described herein areco-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7. Such co-surfactantsinclude any surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 described inthis application and known in the art. The HLB values for some of thesurfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 that can be used in thecompositions described herein can be found, e.g., in Griffin, W M, 1954,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 5 (4): 249-56, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 for use in thecompositions described herein include, without limitation, sorbitanfatty acid esters, glyceryl mono- and di-esters, low number (<10)polyoxyethylene glyceryl mono-, di- and tri-esters, polyglyceryldi-oleate, polyglyceryl di-isostearate, poly glyceryl-6-octastearate,polyglyceryl-10 deca-oleate, polyoxythylated corn oil, andpolyoxyethylated apricot kernel oil.

One or more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 arecontemplated for use in the compositions described herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 comprisepropylene glycol caprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof(such as propylene glycol monocaprylate).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 comprise aphospholipid. Any phospholipids known in the art can be used in thecompositions of the invention.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein the oneor more co-surfactants with an HLB equal to or less than 7 comprise alecithin. (e.g., phosphatidyl choline or lysophosphatidyl choline).

Lecithin is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownishfatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues composed ofphosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids,triglycerides, and phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine,phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol). Any lecithin knownin the art can be used in the compositions of the invention. In someembodiments, lecithin concentrated in phophatidyl choline is used in thecompositions of the invention. In one embodiment, the compositions ofthe invention comprise a lecithin comprising at least 50% or more than90% of phosphatidyl choline.

Phosphatidyl choline from any sources known in the art can be used inthe compositions of the invention. For example, phosphatidyl cholinefrom various sources of natural origin can be used. Alternatively, or inaddition, phosphatidyl choline of synthetic origin can be used. See, forexample, a publication by van Hoogevest & Wendel (Hoogevest & Wendel,2014, The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceuticalexcipients, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 116(9):1088-1107), describingvarious phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl choline, as pharmaceuticalexcipients. The contents of Hoogevest & Wendel (2014, Eur J Lipid SciTechnol. 116(9):1088-1107) are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety. In particular, the compositions described herein may includephospholipids, such as phosphatidyl choline, described in Hoogevest &Wendel, which are specifically incorporated by reference herein.

In certain embodiments, the lecithin is in an amount of at least or morethan 4% by weight in the compositions described herein. In someembodiments, the lecithin is in an amount from 4% to 10% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In particular embodiments, thelecithin is in an amount from 6% to 9% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein.

In certain embodiments, the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or lessthan 7 is in an amount of at least or more than 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, or8% by weight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments,the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amountfrom 3% to 30%, from 3% to 25%, or from 4% to 20% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, the co-surfactantwith an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amount from 3% to 10%, from3% to 15%, from 3% to 20%, from 4% to 10%, from 4% to 15%, from 4% to20%, from 4% to 30% or from 4% to 25% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In particular embodiments, the co-surfactant with anHLB of less than 7 is in an amount from 5% to 25%, from 7% to 25%, from5% to 20%, from 8% to 20%, from 5% to 10% or from 5% to 15% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In one embodiment, the co-surfactantwith an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in the amount of at least 4% byweight in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment, theco-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is in the amount of atleast 8% by weight in the compositions described herein. In oneembodiment, the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 is inthe amount of at least 10% by weight in the compositions describedherein.

In specific embodiments, propylene glycol caprylate or a phosphatidicacid derivative thereof (e.g., propylene glycol monocaprylate) is in theamount from 3% to 20%, from 4% to 15%, or from 7% to 15% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In one embodiment, propylene glycolcaprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof (e.g., propyleneglycol monocaprylate) is in the amount from 8% to 20% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, propylene glycolcaprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof (e.g., propyleneglycol monocaprylate) is in the amount from 8% to 16% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, propylene glycolcaprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof (e.g., propyleneglycol monocaprylate) is in the amount of at least 4% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, propylene glycolcaprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof (e.g., propyleneglycol monocaprylate) is in the amount of at least 8% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, propylene glycolcaprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof (e.g., propyleneglycol monocaprylate) is in the amount of at least 10% by weight in thecompositions described herein.

In some embodiments, phosphatidyl choline (such as Phospholipon 85G) isin the amount from 3% to 15%, from 4% to 12%, from 7% to 15%, or from 7%to 12% by weight in the compositions described herein. In specificembodiment, a lecithin such as phosphatidyl choline (e.g., Phospholipon85G) is in the amount of at least or more than 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%,9% or 10% by weight in the compositions described herein. In preferredembodiments, a lecithin such as phosphatidyl choline (e.g., Phospholipon85G) is in the amount of at least or more than 3% to 15% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In one embodiment, phosphatidylcholine is in the amount of at least 4% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein (e.g., 7% to 15%, or 8% to 15%). In one embodiment,phosphatidyl choline is in the amount of at least 7% by weight in thecompositions described herein (e.g., 7% to 15%, or 8% to 15%). In oneembodiment, phosphatidyl choline is in the amount of at least 10% byweight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments of thepharmaceutical compositions described herein, the co-surfactant with anHLB equal to or less than 7 is in an amount from 15 to 30% or from 3% to15% by weight. In some embodiments of the nutritional or nutraceuticalcompositions described herein, the co-surfactant with an HLB equal to orless than 7 is in an amount from 10 to 20% by weight.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise at leasttwo co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7. In some of theseembodiments, at least one of the two or more co-surfactants with HLBequal to or less than 7 is a lecithin (e.g., phosphatidyl choline).

5.5 Additional Excipients for Optional Use in the Compositions of theInvention

Optionally, the compositions described herein further comprise one ormore additional agents. Such one or more additional agents can comprise,without limitation, an agent that inhibits crystallization of theDIM-related indole, an agent that decreases the size of oil-in-wateremulsion globules or particles (produced by the compositons describedherein upon contact with intestinal fluids, such as after ingestion by asubject, or upon dispersion in water), and/or an agent that increasesoral bioavailability of a DIM-related indole (upon oral administrationto a subject). Such one or more additional agents can, for example,comprise a triglyceride or a derivative thereof. Such one or moreadditional agents can, for example, comprise a polymer such as apoloxamer, or a derivatized cellulose.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier further comprises a derivatized cellulose that is soluble in thecomposition, a polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer (known aspoloxamer), polyvinyl acetate phthalate, or polyvinyl pyrolidone. Inspecific embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise at least5% by weight of such additional agent(s). In other specific embodiments,the compositions provided herein comprise at least 10% by weight of suchadditional agent(s).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier further comprises a polyoxythene/ polyoxypropylene copolymer. Inthe polyoxythene/polyoxypropylene copolymer, the monomers, which areethylene oxide and propylene oxide, are in blocks rather than randomlydistributed. The hydrophilic block is the polymer portion frompolyethylene oxide blocks and the hydrophobic block is the polymerportion from polypropylene blocks. In particular embodiments, thecarrier comprises a poloxamer, for example, a poloxamer wherein themolecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer is greater than50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer and the molecular massof the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer is less than 2250 Daltons. Inone embodiment, the poloxamer is Poloxamer 124.

In certain embodiments, a poloxamer is in an amount of at least or morethan 5% by weight in the compositions described herein. In certainembodiments, a poloxamer is in an amount of at least or more than 10% byweight in the compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, apoloxamer is in an amount of at least or more than 15% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In certain embodiments, a poloxamer is inan amount of at least or more than 20% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, a poloxamer is in an amount from5% to 30% by weight in the compositions described herein. In particularembodiments, a poloxamer is in an amount from 15% to 25% by weight inthe compositions described herein. In some embodiments, a poloxamer(e.g., Poloxamer 124) is in the amount from 10% to 50% in thecompositions described herein. In specific embodiments, a poloxamer(e.g., Poloxamer 124) is in the amount from 20% to 30% in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, a poloxamer is in anamount of less than 30% by weight in the compositions described herein.In some embodiments, a poloxamer is in an amount of less than 25% byweight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, apoloxamer is in an amount of less than 20% by weight in the compositionsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, a poloxamer is to be used in thepharmaceutical compositions described herein. In particular embodiments,the nutraceutical or nutritional compositions described herein do notcomprise a poloxamer.

In some embodiments, the carrier comprises a derivatized cellulose. Forexample, the derivatized cellulose can be hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate phthalate, or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions wherein thecarrier further comprises one or more triglycerides or polyoxyethylenederivatives of a triglyceride. Triglycerides that can be used in thecompositions of the present invention include, without limitation, amedium chain triglyceride (also known as a Caprylic/Caprictriglyceride), an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride, olive oil, andtriglycerides with long chain fatty acids (such as oleic acid, myristicacid, caprylic acid, capric acid rapeseed oil, sesame oil, sunfloweroil, and safflower oil). For example, the triglyceride orpolyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride in the compositionsprovided herein can be a Caprylic/Capric triglyceride or an oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glyceride. In some embodiments, the triglycerides orpolyoxyethylene derivatives of a triglyceride used in the compositionsdescribed herein are also co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than7.

In certain embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivativesof a triglyceride are in an amount of at least or more than 0.5% byweight in the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thetriglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives of a triglyceride are in anamount from 1% to 20% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inparticular embodiments, the triglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivativesof a triglyceride are in an amount from 6% to 12% by weight in thecompositions described herein. In some embodiments, triglycerides (orpolyoxyethylene derivatives thereof) are in an amount from 7% to 25% inthe compositions described herein. In one embodiment, triglycerides (orpolyoxyethylene derivatives thereof) are in an amount from 10% to 20% inthe compositions described herein. In one embodiment, triglycerides (orpolyoxyethylene derivatives thereof) are in an amount from 7% to 12% inthe compositions described herein (e.g., in pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed herein).

In specific embodiments, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amountof at least or more than 0.5% by weight in the compositions describedherein. In some embodiments, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride is in anamount from 1% to 20% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inparticular embodiments, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amountfrom 5% to 15% by weight in the compositions described herein. In oneembodiment, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amount from 7% to12% in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment, an oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amount from 8% to 10% in the compositionsdescribed herein.

In additional embodiments, a medium chain triglyceride is in an amountof at least or more than 0.5% by weight in the compositions describedherein. In some embodiments, a medium chain triglyceride is in an amountfrom 1% to 20% by weight in the compositions described herein. Inparticular embodiments, a medium chain triglyceride is in an amount from5% to 15% by weight in the compositions described herein. In oneembodiment, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amount from 7% to12% in the compositions described herein. In one embodiment, an oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glyceride is in an amount from 8% to 12% in the compositionsdescribed herein. In one embodiment, an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride isin an amount from 9% to 11% in the compositions described herein.

5.6 Additional Active Agents (APIs) for Optional Use in the Compositionsand Methods of the Invention

In certain embodiments, the compositions and formulations providedherein comprise two or more biologically active agents (a DIM-relatedindole and one or more additional biologically active agents). In someof these embodiments, the additional biologically active agent in thecompositions and formulations provided herein is a retinoid (e.g.,retinyl palmitate), Vitamin D, melatonin, Vitamin K, bicalutamide,artemether or tamoxifen.

The present invention also encompasses compositions comprising, inaddition to a DIM-related indole, one or more appropriately selectedadditional APIs. Criteria for selection of complementary API to beformulated together with a DIM-related indole (such as DIM) includecompatibility of complementary API's physicochemical characteristicsindicating predominant lipid solubility, acceptable solubility in theDIM-specific solvent, surfactant, and co-surfactant components, and lowdose loading requirements to allow co-solubilization with DIM in theself-emulsifying mixture. Favorable complimentary APIs do not interferewith or enhance bioavailability of DIM following spontaneousemulsification of compositions described here, and, optionally, inhibitrecrystallization of DIM and/or do not recrystallize during digestion.The most favorable complimentary APIs that can be used in thecompositions described herein are lipid compatible or lipid moleculeswhich are also substrates and or inhibitors for a CYP 1A cytochromeenzyme (which is expected to support DIM bioavailability by reducing DIMpresystemic and hepatic first-pass metabolism).

In certain embodiments, a second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is a retinoid compound related to VitaminA, including, without limitation, retinol, retinal, and retinoic acidwhich are first generation retinoids. The retinoid second API may beselected from a substituted or unsubstituted first generation retinoid,a substituted or unsubstituted second generation retinoid and asubstituted or unsubstituted third generation retinoid. More preferablythe retinoid is a substituted or unsubstituted first generationretinoid. Typically, the first generation retinoid is selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted retinol, a substituted or unsubstitutedretinal, a substituted or unsubstituted tretinoin (e.g. retinoic acid orRetin A), a substituted or unsubstituted isotretinoin (13-cis retinoicacid), and a substituted or unsubstituted alitretinoin. Most preferablythe retinoid comprises vitamin A. When the retinoid is a secondgeneration retinoid, it is typically selected from a substituted orunsubstituted etretinate, and a substituted or unsubstituted acitretin.When the retinoid is a third generation retinoid, it is typicallyselected from a substituted or unsubstituted tazarotene, a substitutedor unsubstituted bexarotene, and a substituted or unsubstitutedadapalene. In one preferred embodiment, acitretin (which has a LogP of5.73) is formulated according to the present invention in combinationwith DIM in doses of 5-15 mg of acitretin in combination with 25-75 mgof DIM or DIM-related indole per dose (e.g., capsule). Typical dailydose of acitretin will require use of 1-5 doses (e.g., capsules) perday. In an additional embodiment, isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid)(which has a LogP of 6.83) is formulated according to the presentinvention in combination with DIM in doses of 10-20 mg of isotretinoinin combination with 25-75 mg of DIM or DIM-related indole per dose(e.g., capsule). Typical daily dose of isotretinoin will require use of1-5 doses capsules per day.

In a preferred embodiment, the second API used in the compositionsdecribed herein is Retinyl Palmitate, which is a precursor to Vitamin Aactive forms, lipid compatible and useful in the therapy of skinconditions including acne, rosacea, and psoriasis. Retinyl palmitate hasa log P of 5.68 indicating primarily lipid solubility. Typical RetinalPalmitate dosing is used in the range of 2 mg-13.75 mg (3,666 IU — 25000IU) per dose (e.g., for human use). Accordingly, in some embodiments,retinyl palmitate is used in the compositions and formulations describedherein in the amount from 1.8 mg to 15 mg, 2 mg to 13.75 mg, or 2.75 mgto 10 mg per dose (e.g., per capsule) (e.g., in the amount of 2 mg, 3mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, or any other value inbetween). In such embodiments, a DIM-related indole, such as DIM, can beused in an amount from 20 mg and 125 mg, or from 25 mg to 100 mg perdose (e.g., per capsule) (e.g., in the amount of 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 75mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, or any other value in between). For example,Formulation J described in the Example section of this application (seeTable 3) comprises, in addition to DIM, Retinyl Palmitate in the amountof 2 mg. In some embodiments of the SEDDS or SMEDDS compositions of thepresent invention comprising DIM and Retinyl Palmitate, DIM is in theamount of 75 mg DIM and Retinyl Palmitate is in the amount of 13.75 mg,per 800-1000 mg of the total composition. In some embodiments, secondAPI is Vitamin D which is a lipid based nutritional agent with a log Pof 7.5 and similar solubility characteristics to Retinyl Palmitate. Inspecific embodiments, Vitamin D is used in the compositions of theinvention as a second API, instead of Retinyl Palmitate, in similar mgdose ranges. In other embodiments, the compositions described hereincomprise a DIM-related indole (such as DIM), Retinyl Palmitate, andVitamin D.

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is melatonin, which is an indoleneurohormone used as both a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical promotehealthy sleep. Melatonin has a log P of 1.6 yet it is highly insolublein water requiring a lipid based formulation technology for bestbioavailability. Dose requirements for melatonin are from 2.5-10 mg perdose allowing for co-formulation with DIM compositions described herein.Typical melatonin dosing is compatible with the compositions describedherein as demonstrated by Formulation O described in the Examplessection of this application (see Table 4). Formulation O provides a unitdose of 100 mg DIM with 20 mg melatonin in 1000 mg of the totalformulation. A preferred DIM/melatonin SEDDS or SMEDDS unit dose wouldcomprise 25-50 mg DIM combined with 5-10 mg melatonin in 250-500 mgs or300-400 mgs of SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation. A nutritional DIM/melatoninSEDDS or SMEDDS formulation can, for example, contain 25-30 mg, e.g., 30mg, DIM and 5-10 mg of melatonin per dose (e.g., capsule). Apharmaceutical DIM/melatonin SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation can, forexample, contain 30 mg DIM and 5-10 mg of melatonin per dose (e.g.,capsule). A pharmaceutical SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation for use withmelatonin as an additional API can be made using excipients as describedfor Formulation G (see Table 3 in the Examples). Accordingly, in someembodiments, melatonin is used in the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein in the amount from 2 mg to 12 mg, 2 mg to 10 mg, 2.5 mgto 10 mg, 4 mg to 10 mg, or 5 mg to 10 mg per dose (e.g., per capsule)(e.g., in the amount of 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9mg, 10 mg, or any other value in between). In such embodiments, aDIM-related indole, such as DIM, can be used in an amount from 20 mg to65 mg, or from 25 mg to 50 mg per dose (e.g., per capsule) (e.g., in theamount of 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 65 mg, or anyother value in between).

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is Vitamin K (e.g, Phylloquinone [VitaminK1], menaquinone [Vitamin K2], other forms of Vitamin K2 namedmenaquinone-4 [MK-4] or menaquinone-7 [MK-7), which is essential forliver support for clotting factors, circulatory health and bone health.All useful forms of Vitamin K have extremely low water solubility,requiring a lipid-based formulation technology for best bioavailability.Dose requirements for Vitamin K depend of the molecular type of VitaminK to be utilized. The preferred forms for compositions of the inventioncomprising Vitamin K include Phylloquinone [Vitamin K1], and forms ofVitamin K2 including menaquinone-4 [MK-4] and menaquinone-7 [MK-7]. Thedosage range for MK-4 is from 600-1500 ug per dose (e.g. capsule) andthe dosage range for MK-7 is from 25-250 ug per dose (e.g. capsule)allowing for co-formulation with DIM compositions described herein. Apreferred DIM/Vitamin K SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation comprises 25-30 mgof DIM and 25-200 ug of Vitamin K2 in the form of menaquinone-7 [MK-7].In some embodiments, the DIM/Vitamin K2 SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation canalso contain melatonin in the amount of 2.5 to 10 mg and/or Vitamin D inthe amount of 1000-3000 IU per unit dose. In some embodiments, secondAPI compatible with the DIM compositions described herein is Vitamin K2,and most preferably, Vitamin K in the form of menaquinone-7 [MK-7]. MK-7can be combined with DIM in the pharmaceutical or nutritionalformulations in a range of 25 micrograms to 250 micrograms of VitaminMK-7 (e.g., menaquinone-7) per dose and 25-100 mg of DIM per dose (e.g.,for a formulation to promote bone and heart health). The log P ofmenaquinone-4 is 10-12 and menoquine-7 is 17 (thus, both are dependenton lipid solubility and would be compatible with the compositionsdescribed herein, which is similar to retinyl palmitate in particular).Menaquinone-7 is available as an oil solution (M-1500 ppm) and as powder(P-1000, P-2000 ppm) (containing the menaquinone-7 form of naturalvitamin K2), and it is available as 1 kg, 5 kg and 25 kg (seehttp://www.nattopharma.com/how-to-buy-menaq7.html). Accordingly, in someembodiments, Vitamin K (e.g., Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K2) is used in thecompositions and formulations described herein in the amount from 150 mgto 275 mg, 170 mg to 260 mg, 175 mg to 250 mg, or190 mg to 225 mg perdose (e.g., per capsule) (e.g., in the amount of 175 mg, 180 mg, 190 mg,200 mg, 210 mg, 220 mg, 225 mg, 230 mg, 240 mg, 250 mg, or any othervalue in between). In such embodiments, a DIM-related indole, such asDIM, can be used in an amount from 20 mg and 125 mg, or from 25 mg to100 mg per dose (e.g., per capsule) (e.g., in the amount of 25 mg, 30mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, or anyother value in between).

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is biculatamide (Casodex). Biculatamidehas log P of 4.94. Bicalutamide (Casodex, Cosudex, Calutide, Kalumid) isan oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostatecancer and hirsutism. Biculatamide is formulated according the presentinvention in combination with DIM in doses of 10-50 mg of Biculatamidein combination with 25-50 mg of DIM or DIM-related indole per dose(e.g., capsule). Typical daily dose of bicalutamine will require use of1-5 capsules per day.

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is artemether. Artemether has log P of3.48, and it is used as a drug to treat parasitic diseases, such asmalaria. Artemether is formulated in combination with DIM in soft orhard gelatin capsule or in rectal suppositories. Typical formulationswill include 20-40 mg Artemether combined with 20-75 mg DIM per capsuletaken in sufficient quantity to provide 80 mg Artemether per dose (e.g.,capsule), taken once, twice, or three times daily according to diseaseseverity and physician order. In rectal suppositories 40-80 mg ofArtemether is combined with 50-100 mg of DIM per suppository, used every12-24 hrs.

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is tamoxifen. Tamoxifen has log P of 6.35,and it is used as a drug to treat breast cancer. Preferably 10-20 mg oftamoxifen are combined with 50-75 mg DIM per dose (e.g., capsule) andtaken orally to provide 10-20 mg of tamoxifen once daily.

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is gefitinib (ZD1839), which isN-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine.Gefitinib is an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, whichis used in the treatment of certain breast, lung and other cancers.Gefitinib is to be administered orally, and it has log P of 3.72.Preferably, 25-250 mg of gefitinib are combined with 50-75 mg DIM perdose (e.g., capsule) and taken orally in 2 to 10 doses (e.g., capsules)per day.

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is lucitanib, which is6-[7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl]oxy-N-methylnaphthalene-1-carboxamide.Lucitanib is a selective inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity ofFibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR types 1 and 2), VascularEndothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR types 1-3), and PlateletDerived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR types a and (3), and it is for usein cancer treatment. Lucitanib is to be administered orally, and it haslog P of 3.81. Preferably, 5-15 mg of lucitanib are combined with 50-100mg DIM per dose (e.g., capsule) and taken orally in 2 to 4 doses (e.g.,capsules) per day.

Generic Trade Name Log P Dose Range Daily Dose of Name of of 2nd API ofof 2nd API DIM Dose DIM and 2^(nd) exemplary drug (Source 2^(nd) APIdrug per Range per API in number 2nd API drug of drug) drug capsule (mg)capsule (mg) of Capsules Gefitininb Iressa (Astra 3.72 25-250 50-75 2-10 Zeneca) Lucitanib None (Clovis 3.81 5-15 50-100 2-4  Oncology)

In other embodiments, the second API compatible with the DIMcompositions described herein is Ursolic acid (UA;3β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid), a poorly soluble, naturally derivedpentacyclic triterpene acid that is widely present in food, medicinalherbs, and other plants. UA has a calculated LogP of 6.58 and is used totreat cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammatory skin conditions. Preferably20-50 mg of UA are combined with 30-75 mg DIM per dose (e.g., capsule)and taken orally to provide 40-400 mg of UA per day.

In other embodiments, a second API compatible with the DIM compositionsdescribed herein is selected from Retinoid-Related Receptor (ROR)inhibitors including, without limitation, natural products, particularlyPlumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, PL), which is anatural bicyclic naphthoquinone found in the plants of Droseraceae,Plumbaginaceae, Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae families. Othernatural product inhibitors of ROR that can be used in the compositionsand formulations described herein include, without limitation,curcuminoids, particularly curcumin (diferuloylmethane) (see Sun et al.,Curcumin inhibits imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation byinhibiting IL-lbeta and IL-6 production in mice, PLoS One. 2013 Jun. 25;8(6), the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety) and including more active curcumin derivatives describedin U.S. Patent Publication No. 20140303109 by Sarkar et al., thecontents of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety. Other ROR Inhibitors that can be used in the compositions andformulations described herein includeN-(5-(arylcarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)amides in particularN-[5-(2-chloro-benzoyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-2-(4-ethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-acetamide(see Gege et al., Identification of the first inverse agonist ofretinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) with dual selectivity for RORβand RORγt, Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 24(22):5265-7, the contents of whichare incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Furtherdescription of additional ROR inhibitors, that can be used in thecompositions and formulations described herein, are described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 20150073016, the contents of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Additional RORinhibitors, that can be used in the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein, are 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indole-6-sulfonamidederivatives (see Zhang et al., 2014, Discovery of2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indole-6-sulfonamide derivatives as new RORyinhibitors using virtual screening, synthesis and biological evaluation.Eur J Med Chem. 78:431-41, the contents of which are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety). Further additional ROR inhibitorsuseful for inclusion in the present SMEDDS formulation as both singleagents and in combination with DIM are described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20120289495, 20130059883, and 20140256740 by Baloglu,Erkan et al., the contents of each of which are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety. Preferably 20-50 mg per dose (e.g.,capsule) of the compounds of Baloglu et al. are used alone or combinedwith 30-75 mg DIM per dose (e.g., capsule) and taken orally to provide40-400 mg of the Baloglu et al. compound per day.

In certain embodiments, the one or more additional API compatible withthe DIM compositions described herein has log P of more than 3.0. Incertain embodiments, the one or more additional API compatible with theDIM compositions described herein has log P of less than 7. In the morepreferred embodiments, the Log P of the the one or more additional APIis more than 3 and less than 7. In specific embodiments, the log P ofthe the one or more additional API is between 3 and 5.5. In otherembodiments, the log P of the the one or more additional API is between2 and 8.

5.7 Methods of Making of Compositions of the Invention

The methods of making self-emulsifying compositions described hereininclude steps necessary to dissolve a DIM-related indole in a mixture ofselected excipients (e.g., in specific formula percentage amounts). Assuch, in certain embodiments, methods of making self-emulsifyingcompositions described herein comprise the following steps: (a)combining a solvent, a surfactant with an HLB greater than 7, and aco-surfactant with an HLB equal to or less than 7 (and, optionally,additional excipients described herein, such as PC and/or poloxamer)into a mixture, (b) warming and agitating the mixture to uniformity, (c)cooling the mixture (e.g., to approximately 50° C. or, to 40° C. to 60°C.) and adding an API, i.e., a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM), and,optionally, one or more additional APIs, and (d) further agitating themixture with the API(s) to uniformity. The mixture with a DIM-relatedindole and, optionally, another active agent, remaining in solution canthen be added to a suitable dosage form, such as soft or hard-filledgelatin capsules, and allowed to further cool to ambient temperature.

The compositions described herein are SEDDS or SMEDDS compositionscomprising a DIM-related indole, such as DIM, as an active agent. Themethods of making SEDDS or SMEDDS compositions are known in the art. Assuch, the compositions described herein can be made using the generalmethodology known in the art.

The methods of making self-emulsifying compositons, formulations or drugdelivery systems provided herein can include a step of solubilizing aDIM-related indole in a solvent, or in a mixture comprising a solvent, asurfactant with an HLB greater than 7, and a co-surfactant with an HLBequal to or less than 7.

The compositions and formulations described herein are not producedusing spray drying methodology. The compositions and formulationsdescribed herein do not comprise an enteric coating (e.g., do notcomprise a polymer-based enteric coating).

5.8 Chemical and Biological Properties of Select Compositions of theInvention

In certain embodiments, the DIM-related indole has a very high degree ofsolubility in the carrier of the compositions described herein. In someembodiments, the DIM-related indole has at least or more than 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% solubility in the carrier. In some embodiments,the DIM-related indole has at least 95% or 100%, or from 95% to 100%solubility in the carrier. In certain embodiments, the DIM-relatedindole is dissolved in the carrier (i.e., displays at least 98% and upto 100% solubility in the carrier). In most preferred embodiments, theDIM-related indole is 100% dissolved in the carrier (i.e., displays 100%solubility in the carrier). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indoledisplays at least or more than 10% solubility in the solvent used in thecompositions described herein (such as oil, lipid or another solvent,e.g., a diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8glyceride). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole has at least ormore than 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% or 25% solubilityin the solvent (e.g., at least or more than 15% or 18% solubility in thesolvent). In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole displays at leastor more than 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% solubility in thesurfactant with HLB greater than 7 used in the compositions describedherein. In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole displays at least ormore than 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12% or 15% solubility in theco-surfactant with HLB equal to or less than 7 used in the compositionsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the DIM-related indole displaysat least or more than 3%, 4% or 5% solubility in the triglyceride (or aderivative thereof) used in the compositions described herein. Thesolubility can be assessed by any method known in the art. For example,the solubility can be assessed by addition of solids until they wouldnot go into the solution without giving cloudiness. In another example,the solubility can be assessed by adding API and then filtering thesolids and determining how much API was in solution by dilution insolvent and concentration measurement by HPLC.

In specific embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that do not exhibit re-crystallization of the DIM-relatedindole (e.g., DIM) during storage, upon contact with intestinal fluid,upon ingestion by a subject or upon dispersion in water. In someembodiments, described herein are compositions and formulations that donot exhibit re-crystallization of the DIM-related indole upon ingestionby a subject. In some embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that do not exhibit re-crystallization of the DIM-relatedindole upon dispersion in intestinal fluids and/or water. In otherspecific embodiments, described herein are compositions and formulationsthat exhibit only minimal re-crystallization of the DIM-related indole(e.g., DIM) during storage, upon contact with intestinal fluid, uponingestion by a subject or upon dispersion in water. In some embodiments,described herein are compositions and formulations that exhibit minimalre-crystallization of the DIM-related indole upon ingestion by a subjector upon dispersion in intestinal fluids or water. The minimalre-crystallization a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) can bere-crystallization of less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, lessthan 10% or less than 5%.

In other specific embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that exhibit a reduced rate of re-crystallization of theDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) during storage, upon contact withintestinal fluid, upon ingestion by a subject or upon dispersion inwater. For example, the compositions described herein comprising anagent that inhibits re-crystallization (as any one or more of suchagents described herein, e.g., a poloxomer or a triglyceride) can reducethe rate of re-crystallization of a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) uponcontact with intestinal fluids or in an vitro dispersion test by morethan 25%, more than 50%, more than 75%, or more than 90% as compared tothe same same compositions without such agent. In other embodiments, thecompositions described herein comprising an agent that inhibitsre-crystallization (as any one or more of such agents described herein,e.g., a poloxomaer or a triglyceride) can reduce the size of crystalsproduced produced during re-crystallization of a DIM-related indole(e.g., DIM) upon contact with intestinal fluids or in an vitrodispersion test by more than 25%, more than 50%, more than 75%, or morethan 90% as compared to the same same composition without such agent. Inother embodiments, the compositions described herein comprising an agentthat inhibits re-crystallization (as any one or more of such agentsdescribed herein, e.g., a poloxomaer or a triglyceride) can reduce thesize of crystals produced produced during re-crystallization of aDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) upon contact with intestinal fluids or inan vitro dispersion test by more than 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10fold, 15 fold or 20 fold as compared to the same same compositionwithout such agent.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprising anagent that inhibits re-crystallization (as any one or more of suchagents described herein, e.g., a poloxomaer or a triglyceride) increasesolubility of a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) upon contact withintestinal fluids or in an vitro lypolysis test by at least 1.5 fold, atleast 2 fold or at least 3 fold, or by 25%, 50%, 100%, 200% or 300%, ascompared to the same same composition without such agent.

In certain embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, upon dispersion in water or contact with intestinalfluid (e.g., upon ingestion by a subject), emulsify to form a dispersionof lipid-based globules (or yield an oil-in-water emulsion globules). Insome embodiments, at least 50% of such globules are less than 1.5 μm, 1μm, 0.75 μm, 0.5 μm or 0.3 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, at least50% of such globules are less than 0.75 μm in diameter. In someembodiments, at least 50% of such globules are less than 0.4 μm indiameter. In some embodiments, at least 50% of such globules are lessthan 0.2 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, at least 50% of suchglobules are less than 0.1 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, at least50% of such globules are between 0.05 and 1 μm, between 0.07 and 0.5 μmor between 0.05 and 0.2 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, suchglobules have a (surface weighted) mean particle diameter between 0.01and 0.5 μm, between 0.01 and 0.4 μm, between 0.01 and 0.5 μm, between0.01 and 1 μm between 0.05 and 1 μm, between 0.07 and 0.5 μm, between0.09 and 0.3 μm, between 0.1 and 0.2 μm, or between 0.05 and 0.2 μm. Insome embodiments, such globules have a mean particle diameter of lessthan 1.5 μm, 1 μm, 0.75 μm, 0.5 μm or 0.3 μm. In some embodiments, suchglobules have a mean particle diameter of less than 0.75 μm. In someembodiments, such globules have a mean particle diameter of less than0.4 μm. In some embodiments, such globules have a mean particle diameterof less than 0.2 μm. In some embodiments, such globules have a meanparticle diameter of less than 0.1 μm. Any values for mean particle size(diameter) in between the values described herein are also contemplated.The size of the globules or particles can be determined by any methodknown in the art or described herein. In one embodiment, the size of theglobules or particles is determined by in vitro dispersion testing.

In certain embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, 2 hours after ingestion by a subject, provide aDIM-related indole in a plasma of the subject in a concentration of atleast or more than 150 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml or 300 ng/ml, orbetween 200 ng/ml and 600 ng/ml, between 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, orbetween 300 ng/ml and 400 ng/ml. In specific embodiments, describedherein are compositions and formulations that, 2 hours after ingestionby a subject, provide a DIM-related indole in a plasma of the subject ina concentration of at least 200 ng/ml. In specific embodiments,described herein are compositions and formulations that, 2 hours afteringestion by a subject, provide a DIM-related indole in a plasma of thesubject in a concentration of at least 250 ng/ml. In specificembodiments, described herein are compositions and formulations that, 2hours after ingestion by a subject, provide a DIM-related indole in aplasma of the subject in a concentration of at least 300 ng/ml. Inpreferred embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments,described herein are compositions and formulations that, 2 hours afteringestion by a subject, provide a DIM-related indole in a plasma of thesubject in a concentration of more than 100 ng/ml.

In certain embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, provide Cmax of aDIM-related indole of at least or more than 150 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250ng/ml or 300 ng/ml (in a plasma of a subject). In some embodiments,described herein are compositions and formulations that, upon ingestionby a subject, provide Cmax of a DIM-related indole of at least 200 ng/ml(in a plasma of a subject). In some embodiments, described herein arecompositions and formulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, provideCmax of a DIM-related indole of at least 250 ng/ml (in a plasma of asubject). In some embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, provide Cmax of aDIM-related indole of at least 300 ng/ml (in a plasma of a subject). Inpreferred embodiments, the subject is a human.

In certain embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, achieve mean or averageAUC (ng/ml*hr) of the DIM-related indole of at least or more than 500ng/ml*hr, 750 ng/ml*hr, 1000 ng/ml*hr, 1250 ng/ml*hr or 1500 ng/ml*hr,or between 750 ng/ml*hr and 2000 ng/ml*hr, or between 1000 ng/ml*hr and2000 ng/ml*hr, or between 1250 and 1750 ng/ml*hr (in a plasma of asubject). In some embodiments, described herein are compositions andformulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, achieve mean or averageAUC (ng/ml*hr) of the DIM-related indole of at least 750 ng/ml*hr (in aplasma of a subject). In some embodiments, described herein arecompositions and formulations that, upon ingestion by a subject, achievemean or average AUC (ng/ml*hr) of the DIM-related indole of at least1000 ng/ml*hr (in a plasma of a subject). In some embodiments, describedherein are compositions and formulations that, upon ingestion by asubject, achieve mean or average AUC (ng/ml*hr) of the DIM-relatedindole of at least 1250 ng/ml*hr (in a plasma of a subject). Inpreferred embodiments, the subject is a human.

5.9 Dosage, Formulations and Administration of the Compositions of theInvention

The compositions provided herein may be administered by any oral andtopical means and at any dosage, as described below. The actualadministered amount of the compositions and formulations describedherein may be decided by a supervising physician or veterinarian and maydepend on multiple factors, such as, the age, condition, file history,etc., of the subject, or patient, in question.

In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of aDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) is used in the compositions, kits andmethods described herein. In some embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) and atherapeutically effective amount of a second API (e.g., retinoid,retinyl palmitate, Vitamin D, melatonin, Viatmin K, biculatamide,tamoxifen or artemether) is used in the compositions, kits and methodsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount is an amount that is effective to treat an impairment at acertain daily frequency of administration (e.g., once a day or twice aday). In some embodiments, where a combination of a DIM-related indoleand a second API is used in the compositions, kits and methods describedherein, the therapeutically effective amount of the second API is lessthan the therapeutically effective amount of such compound when it isused alone (i.e., without a DIM-related indole).

It will be appreciated that the amounts of the DIM-related indole andthe second API described herein will vary according to the route ofadministration, the disorder to be treated, the condition, age, and filehistory of the subject, the galenic formulation of the composition, etc.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein are adaptedfor oral delivery. Such compositions can be filled into, e.g., hardgelatin capsules or soft gelatin capsules, for oral administration.

In specific embodiments, a DIM-related indole and a second API areadministered in a fixed dosage combination in the composition of theinvention. For example, a DIM-related indole and a second API can beformulated in a capsule, such as one soft shell gelatin capsule or onehard shell gelatin capsule.

In other embodiments, a DIM-related indole and a second API areadministered in separate compositions (i.e., co-administered withoutco-formulation), with the DIM-related indole administered in one of thecompositions of the invention and the second API administered separatelyin any composition known in the art or described herein. In suchcompositions, one of the compositions of the invention (with aDIM-related indole as a biologically active agent) and a compositioncomprising a second biologically active agent can be administered to apatient concomitantly or sequentially. For example, these compositionscan be administered at the same time, or within a certain number ofminutes or hours of each other (e.g., 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours or 24 hours).

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise 10 to200 mg, 20 to 150 mg or 25 to 100 mg of a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM)per dose (formulated, for example, for oral administration, e.g., in agel capsule). The compositions of the invention may be administered onceper day, or two or more times per day. Preferably the compositionsformulated for administration, e.g., capsules, comprise from 25 mg to100 mg of a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM), which is administered one ortwo times per day. In particular embodiments, A DIM-related indole, suchas DIM, is in an amount from 25 to 100 mg per dose in the compositionsand formulations provided herein (when used either as the onlybiologically active agent or together with one or more additionalbiologically active agents in the compositions and formulationsdescribed herein). In specific embodiments, the compositions describedherein are formulated as capsules which comprise 25 mg, 50 mg or 75 mgof DIM. In one embodiment, the compositions described herein areformulated as capsules comprising 25 to 75 mg of DIM, and areadministered to a subject orally twice per day.

In specific embodiments, when a second API is included in thecompositions of the invention, the second API is used in an amount lessthan the amount of DIM in the compositions (per dose of thecomposition). In some embodiments, the total amount of active agent(s)in a dose of the composition or formulation is 50 to 150 mg, e.g., 75mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 110 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg, or 140 mg or150 mg. In particular embodiments, the total amount of active agent(s)in a dose of the composition or formulation is 100 to 140 mg, e.g., 120mg. For example, some compositons and formulations provided hereincomprise one of the above-referenced amounts of a DIM-related indole(when it is used as an only active agent). In the compositions andformulations described herein comprising one or more APIs in addition toa DIM-related indole, the amount of a DIM-related indole can be reducedto accommodate an additional API (for example, 90 mg to 110 mg, e.g.,100 mg, of a DIM-related indole can be combined with 10 mg to 30 mg,e.g., 20 mg, of a second API).

Co-administration or co-formulation of a DIM-related compound with asecond API may be effective to reduce the dose of the DIM-related indoleto be administered to a subject. Alternatively, or in addition,co-administration or co-formulation of a DIM-related compound with asecond API may be effective to reduce the dose of the second API to beadministered to a subject. In one embodiment, effective dose of aDIM-related indole would be the same as used when DIM is administeredalone.

Regarding periods of treatment, a subject can be treated with thecompositions of the invention (with or without the second API) for 1week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9weeks, 10 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, 3years, 4 years, 5 years or more than 5 years. In certain embodiments,the subject is treated with the compositions of the invention for morethan: 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, or more than 5 years. In certainembodiments, the compositions described herein achieve efficacy (whichcan be manifested in improvement or stabilization of one or moreparameters or symptoms of the disease) in less than: 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, or 1 year. In specificembodiments, the compositions described herein achieve efficacy (whichcan be manifested in improvement or stabilization of one or moreparameters or symptoms of the disease) in less than 1 month or less than3 months.

As described above, the compositions of the invention can be filled intogel capsules (e.g., hard gelatin capsules or soft gelatin capsules), fororal administration. In production, hard gelatin capsules can be filledwith the use of a liquid fill system that is set to dispense the warmedliquid formulation into hard gelatin capsules. When hand-fillingcapsules, the use of a hand filling template apparatus is advised. Here,the capsules are simply separated with the lower larger part placed inthe holes of the template. A measured amount of liquid is filled intoeach capsule with a syringe. The top cap is placed on to each lower halfand with the apparatus the top capsules are snapped into place. Thecapsules are removed from the apparatus, ready for packaging.

For soft gelatin capsules, the warmed liquid is pumped into thecapsule-making equipment. A separate tank of warm gelatin solution ismetered to the equipment. A ribbon of gelatin is fed to each side of thecapsule filler to fill molds which form each half of the shell. Thefiller meters the formulation as the two halves are fused together inthe equipment. The soft capsules are dried before going to the packagingstation.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein are adapted fortopical delivery to selected mucosal surfaces through dilution of thecompositions described herein with a selected volatile Class III solventor solvent combination, distribution of the diluted composition on thesurface of the delivery device, followed by evaporation of the solvent.

The dosage forms of the present invention are modified with the additionof a compatible Class III solvent to the compositions described hereinto produce a uniform diluted formulation providing for metered dosetopical delivery of the self-emulsifying compositions of the invention.Solvent diluted formulations are then applied to delivery vehicles suchas, for example, to dry feminine tampons. Following dipping of thedelivery vehicle (e.g., an absorbent tampon) into the solvent dilutedformulation, the delivery vehicle (e.g., a tampon) is dried inconditions sufficient to evaporate the solvent. This allows the DIMSEDDS or SMEDDS to re-concentrate as an evenly distributed lipid basedformulation. When utilized as a medicated delivery vehicle (e.g., atampon) the DIM SEDDS or SMEDDS formulation emulsifies in the useenvironment releasing mg amounts of DIM in consistent amounts withindesired dose ranges.

The formulations described herein encompass addition of a selected ClassIII solvent up to a final solvent:SEDDS/SMEDDS composition ratio of notmore than 9:1 on a wt/wt basis. Preferred DIM composition describedherein that can be solvent diluted for topical delivery includecompositions similar to or the same as Formulations K or L described inthe Examples section (see Table 3). Preferred solvents for dilutioninclude, without limitation, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Mostpreferred solvent for such dilution is isopropanol. Application of DIMSEDDS or SEDDS compositions to delivery devices, such as tampons,optionally utilize steps for large scale manufacture described in detailin U.S. Patent Publication No. 11/0288501 by Gehling et al., thecontents of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

Some of the nutritional compositions of the present invention aredescribed in Table 4. For example, Formulations K or L can be adaptedthrough solvent dilution to application by spray nozzle onto food itemsfor human use or veterinarian use (e.g., for companion animals).Formulation R can also be adapted through solvent dilution toapplication by spray nozzle onto food items for human use orveterinarian use (e.g., for companion animals). Following sprayapplication of a metered dose of the solvent-diluted compositionsdescribed herein, the food items are dried to remove volatile solventand packaged to preserve DIM activity. For example, this methodology canbe used to produce dog, cat, horse or other companion animal food itemssuch as “treats” or biscuits containing an appropriate unit dose of DIMper kg of the animal. This methodology can also be used to producenutritional health bar products for human use.

In a preferred embodiment, formulations described herein, e.g.,Formulation R, are utilized in producing veterinary supplements (e.g.,supplements for dogs and cats). Such supplements can be produced throughdispersion of unit doses of the formulation into weighed quantities ofmixtures of additional ingredients. Additional ingredients may include,for example, powdered brewer's yeast and chicken, beef, or salmonflavors. Additional excipients standard to the industry can be added toproduce tablets including, without limitation, flavoring, sweeteners,binders, flow agents, bulk forming agents, and tablet lubricants. Themixture of ingredients can be formed into chewable tablets usingstandard tablet pressing equipment. A typical unit dose of DIM in such achewable tablet would be 25-100 mg per 2-10 gram tablet. Typical usewould include offering the chewable tablet to a companion animal such asa dog or cat suffering from atopic dermatitis once or twice daily.Effective use includes providing 1-5 mg per kg weight of companionanimal per dose.

In a further preferred embodiment, formulations described herein, e.g.,Formulation R, are utilized in producing a veterinary chewable “treat”for companion animals such as dogs and cats. Treats can be produced bydispersion of unit doses of the formulation into weighed quantities ofmixtures of additional ingredients. Additional ingredients may include,for example, powdered brewer's yeast and chicken, beef, or salmonflavors. Additional excipients standard to the industry can be added toproduce treats including, without limitation, flavoring, sweeteners,binders, flow agents, and bulk forming agents. The mixture can be formedinto chewable treats using standard equipment. The mixture ofingredients can be formed into chewable treats, consisting of 5-20 gramsof material, using standard mixing, unit forming, and baking techniques.A typical unit dose of DIM in such a treat would be 25-100 mg per 5-20gram treat. Typical use would include offering the treat to a companionanimal such as a dog or cat suffering from atopic dermatitis once ortwice daily. In preferred embodiments, the additional ingredientsstandard to the industry include powdered brewer's yeast, flax seedpowder, and optionally, green lipped muscle powder, Curcuma longa powderor Yucca schidigera powder with additional chicken, beef, or salmonflavors.

In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the compositionsdescribed herein can be used in personal hygiene products such as facewash or face scrub formulations, for topical application. In particular,such formulations and applications are contemplated for uses in thetreatment and prevention of skin conditions, such as dandruff, acne androsacea (e.g., acne). In some embodiments, such face washes or facescrubs comprise a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM or LTR) and a retinoid(e.g., retinyl palmitate). In certain embodiments, it is contemplatedthat the compositions described herein can be used in personal hygieneproducts such as shampoos (e.g., for treating dandruff). In a preferredembodiment, a DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM or LTR) is combined with thedry distillation tar of delipidated soybean (Glyteer, Fuginaga Pharm,Tokyo, Japan), along with excipients standard to the industry to produceshampoos and facial “scrubs”. Delipidated soybean tar can be utilized inconcentrations of 1-7% by weight in such formulations, and suchformulations can be utilized in personal hygiene once or twice daily.

Related uses and delivery vehicles, allowing for self-emulsification ofthe formulations following topical application to the watery environmentof wet mucosal surfaces, is also contemplated herein.

5.10 Methods of Treatment and Uses of the Compositions of the Invention

The compositions and formulations provided herein can be used in thetreatment or prevention of any disease, disorder or condition for whichthe DIM-related indoles described herein and/or the additional activeagents described herein are known to be beneficial (e.g., are known tohave a therapeutic or preventative effect). In certain embodiments, thecompositions and formulations provided herein are used in the treatmentor prevention of any disease, disorder or condition described herein orknown in the art as a disease, disorder or condition that can be treatedor prevented using a DIM-related indole (e.g., crystalline DIM orBR-DIM). In certain embodiments, the compositions and formulationsprovided herein are used to promote health (e.g., heart health, bonehealth, skin health, etc.) as described herein or known in the art.Encompassed herein are methods of treatment or prevention of a disease,disorder or condition comprising administering any one of thecompositions and formulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman). The administration can be oral administration (e.g., in a formof a capsule, such as a soft shell capsule or a hard shell capsule). Inother embodiments, the administration can be topical administration(using any of the methods of topical administration described herein andany of the delivery vehicles described herein). The compositions andformulations provided herein can be administered once daily or twicedaily. In one embodiment, the compositions and formulations providedherein are administered once daily. In one embodiment, the compositionsand formulations provided herein are administered twice daily. Inpreferred embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of thebiologically active agent is administered (e.g., a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a DIM-related indole such as DIM). In someembodiments, the DIM-related indole is administered as the only activeagent. In other embodiments, two or more active agents (including aDIM-related indole are administered). In specific embodiments, two ormore active agents are administered in the same composition (such as anyof the compositions described herein), in a fixed dose combination. Inother specific embodiments, two or more active agents are administeredin separate compositions (e.g., a DIM-related indole is administered inany of the compositions described herein and an additional active agentis administered in a separate composition), such administration can beconcomitant or sequential.

In particular, encompassed herein are methods of treatment of dandruff,acne or rosacea in a subject comprising administering any one of thecompositions and formulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman). In some embodiments, the subject being treated has acne (e.g.,has been diagnosed with acne). Also encompassed herein are methods ofprevention of acne in a subject comprising administering any one of thecompositions and formulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating(or preventing) acne in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally or topically) a composition provided herein,wherein the composition comprises a DIM-related indole and an additionalactive agent known to be effective in the treatment (or prevention) ofacne. In some of the preferred embodiments, provided herein are methodsfor treating (or preventing) acne in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering a composition provided herein, wherein thecomposition comprises a DIM-related indole, a retinoid, e.g., retinylpalmitate (as an additional active agent), and optionally, furthercomprises Vitamin D. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methodsfor treating acne in a patient in need thereof comprising orallyadministering a composition provided herein, wherein the compositionfurther comprises a retinoid, e.g., retinyl palmitate (as an additionalactive agent). In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods fortreating acne in a patient in need thereof comprising orallyadministering a composition provided herein, wherein the compositionfurther comprises Vitamin D (as an additional active agent). In certainembodiments, provided herein are methods for treating acne in a patientin need thereof comprising orally administering a composition providedherein, wherein the composition further comprises a retinoid, e.g.,retinyl palmitate, and Vitamin D (as additional active agents). In suchembodiments, it is contemplated that the DIM-related indole and the oneor more additional active agents (such as retinyl palmitate and/orVitamin D) are present in the same composition, in a fixed dosecombination (such as in one capsule). Retinyl palmitate can be in anamount from 2.75 mg to 13.75 mg (5,000 to 25,000 IU) or from 2.75 to 10mg per dose (in the compositions administered to a subject). TheDIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) can be in an amount from 25 to 100 mg perdose (in the compositions administered to a subject). In otherembodiments, the compositions administered to a subject to treat acnecomprise a DIM-related indole as the only biologically active agent. Insome of these embodiments, concurrent administration of an additionalactive agent (e.g., a retinoid such as retinyl palmitate and/or VitaminD), in a separate container or composition, is also contemplated. Insome embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating acne in asubject in need thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) acomposition provided herein, and co-administering (e.g., orally) aretinoid, e.g., retinyl palmitate and/or Vitamin D to a subject (suchadministration can be concomitant or sequential). In one embodiment,both a composition comprising a DIM-related indole and a retinoid, suchas retinyl palmitate, and/or Vitamin D are administered orally. Inparticular embodiments of the methods provided herein, the compositionsdescribed herein (comprising a DIM-related indole as the only activeagent, or comprising one or more active agents such as a retinoid, e.g.,Retinyl Palmitate, and/or Vitamin D in addition to a DIM-related indole)are effective to treat acne (e.g., when administered for a period of atleast 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months or 6 months). In aspecific embodiment, the compositions described herein (comprising aDIM-related indole as the only active agent, or comprising one or moreactive agents such as Retinyl Palmitate and/or Vitamin D in addition toa DIM-related indole) are effective to treat acne when administered fora period of at least 3 months or at least 6 months. In one embodiment,the administering as described herein is performed once daily. In oneembodiment, the administering as described herein is performed twicedaily. The administering can also be performed topically in a suitabledelivery vehicle (e.g., in a form of a topical delivery vehicle such asa face wash or a face scrub).

Also encompassed herein are methods for promoting sleep, reducing sleeplatency (i.e., shortening time to fall asleep), improving sleep quality(i.e., achieving more consistent progression through sleep stages), orreducing the number of night-time awakenings in a subject in needthereof comprising administering any one of the compositions andformulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., a human). In someembodiments, the subject being treated has insomnia, prolonged sleeplatency or suffers from frequent night-time awakenings (e.g., has beendiagnosed with such one or more of such conditions). In someembodiments, provided herein are methods for promoting sleep, reducingsleep latency, improving sleep quality, or reducing the number ofnight-time awakenings in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, wherein thecomposition comprises a DIM-related indole and one or more additionalactive agents known to promote sleep, reduce sleep latency or reduce thenumber of night-time awakenings. In some of the preferred embodiments,provided herein are methods for promoting sleep, reducing sleep latencyor reducing the number of night-time awakenings in a subject in needthereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) a composition providedherein, wherein the composition comprises a DIM-related indole andmelatonin (as an additional active agent). In such embodiments, it iscontemplated that the DIM-related indole and the one or more additionalactive agents (such as melatonin) are present in the same composition,in a fixed dose combination (such as in one capsule). The DIM-relatedindole (e.g., DIM) can be in an amount from 25 to 100 mg per dose (inthe compositions administered to a subject). In other embodiments, thecompositions administered to a subject to promote sleep, reduce sleeplatency or reduce the number of night-time awakenings comprise aDIM-related indole as the only biologically active agent. In some ofthese embodiments, concurrent administration of an additional activeagent (e.g., melatonin), in a separate container or composition, is alsocontemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods forpromoting sleep, reducing sleep latency or reducing the number ofnight-time awakenings in a patient in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, andco-administering (e.g., orally) melatonin to a subject (suchadministration can be concomitant or sequential). In one embodiment,both a composition comprising a DIM-related indole and melatonin areadministered orally. In particular embodiments of the methods providedherein, the compositions described herein (comprising a DIM-relatedindole as the only active agent, or comprising one or more active agentssuch as melatonin in addition to a DIM-related indole) are effective topromote sleep, reduce sleep latency or reduce the number of night-timeawakenings (e.g., when administered for a period of at least 1 month, 2months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months or 6 months). In one embodiment,provided herein are methods for promoting sleep described herein. In oneembodiment, provided herein are methods for reducing sleep latencydescribed herein. In one embodiment, provided herein are methods forreducing the number of night-time awakenings described herein. In oneembodiment, the administering as described herein is performed oncedaily. In one embodiment, the administering as described herein isperformed twice daily.

Also encompassed herein are methods for promoting bone health orpromoting heart health in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering any one of the compositions and formulations providedherein to a subject (e.g., a human). In some embodiments, the subjectbeing treated has a bone health-associated disease or disorder (e.g.,osteoporosis), for example, the subject has been diagnosed with a bonehealth disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the subject beingtreated has a cardiovascular disease or disorder, or a heart disease ordisorder, for example, the subject has been diagnosed with such adisease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein promote skin healthsuch as methods for treating dandruff, acne vulgaris, rosacea, atopicdermatitis, and psoriasis (e.g., resulting in the improvement and/orresolution of such conditions). In further embodiments, provided hereinare methods for using the compositions and formulations described hereinfor treating Endometriosis, Uterine or Extrauterine Myomas, or ProtozoalParasitic infections in accordance with (e.g., using the methods ofadministration described in, treating the patient populations describedin) U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,689,387, 7,384,971, 7,384,972, 8,080,577,8,586,621, the contents of each of which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entireties. In further embodiments, provided herein aremethods for treating certain autoimmune disorders including multiplesclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease,inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), Sjorgen'ssyndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, Graves' disease,allergic contact dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),cutaneous lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and HashimotoThyroiditis, (e.g., wherein the subject being treated has been diagnosedwith such a disease or condition). In further embodiments, providedherein are methods for treating certain rare, Orphan Diseases includingBehcets disease and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) (e.g.,wherein the subject being treated has been diagnosed with such a diseaseor condition). Any of the compositions and formulations described hereincan be used in these methods. Such methods comprise administering any ofthe compositions or formulations described herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman), for example, orally (e.g., in a form of a capsule) or topically(e.g., in a form of one of the delivery vehicles described herein).

In a specific embodiment, the compositions and formlations describedherein are used in the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis in asubject (such as a mammal, e.g., a human, a dog or a cat). In oneembodiment, provided herein is a method of treating atopic dermatitis ina subject comprising administering a composition or a formulationdescribed herein to the subject (wherein the subject can be a human or acompanion animal, and wherein the composition or formulation is aself-emulsifying DIM composition or formulation described herein, whichcan be used either alone or in combination with one or more additionalactive ingredients). In one preferred embodiment, Formulation Rdescribed herein (or a formulation similar or substantially the same asFormulation R, e.g., a formulation having the same or equivalentcomponents or components having the same HLB as Formulation R, andwherein such components are in the same, substantially the same or aboutthe same amount by weight as in Formulation R) is used in the treatmentor prevention of atopic dermatitis (Formulation R is described inExamples 18 and 19). In one preferred embodiment, Formulation Gdescribed herein (or a formulation similar or substantially the same asFormulation G, e.g., a formulation having the same or equivalentcomponents or components having the same HLB as Formulation G, andwherein such components are in the same, substantially the same or aboutthe same amount by weight as in Formulation G) is used in the treatmentor prevention of atopic dermatitis (Formulation G is described inExample 7 and Table 3). Generally, the term “about” as used hereinencompasses a range of values between 25% greater than and 25% less thanthe stated value; in one embodiment, the term “about” encompasses arange of values between 10% greater than and 10% less than the statedvalue.

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for promoting bonehealth or promoting cardiovascular or heart health or skin health in asubject in need thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) acomposition provided herein, wherein the composition comprises aDIM-related indole and one or more additional active agents known topromote bone health, promote cardiovascular health, or promote hearthealth. In some of the preferred embodiments, provided herein aremethods for promoting bone health or promoting cardiovascular or hearthealth in a subject in need thereof comprising administering (e.g.,orally) a composition provided herein, wherein the composition comprisesa DIM-related indole and Vitamin K (as an additional active agent). Insuch embodiments, it is contemplated that the DIM-related indole and theone or more additional active agents (such as Vitamin K) are present inthe same composition, in a fixed dose combination (such as in onecapsule). The DIM-related indole (e.g., DIM) can be in an amount from 25to 100 mg, and Vitamin K can be in an amount from 175 mg to 250 mg (perdose of the compositions administered to a subject, e.g., per capsule).In other embodiments, the compositions administered to a subject topromote bone, cardiovascular or heart health comprise a DIM-relatedindole as the only biologically active agent. In some of theseembodiments, concurrent administration of an additional active agent(e.g., Vitamin K), in a separate container or composition, is alsocontemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods forpromoting bone, cardiovascular or heart health in a patient in needthereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) a composition providedherein, and co-administering (e.g., orally) Vitamin K to a subject (suchadministration can be concomitant or sequential). In one embodiment,both a composition comprising a DIM-related indole and Vitamin K areadministered orally. In particular embodiments of the methods providedherein, the compositions described herein (comprising a DIM-relatedindole as the only active agent, or comprising one or more active agentssuch as Vitamin K in addition to a DIM-related indole) are effective topromote bone health or promote cardiovascular or heart health (e.g.,when administered for a period of at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months,4 months, 5 months or 6 months). In one embodiment, provided herein aremethods for promoting bone health (e.g., for treating or preventingosteoporosis) described herein. In one embodiment, provided herein aremethods for promoting cardiovascular or heart health described herein.In one embodiment, provided herein are methods for promoting hearthealth described herein. In one embodiment, the administering asdescribed herein is performed once daily. In one embodiment, theadministering as described herein is performed twice daily.

Also encompassed herein are methods for treating or preventing prostatecancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering any of thecompositions and formulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman). In certain embodiments, the subject being treated has prostatecancer (has been diagnosed with prostate cancer). In some embodiments,provided herein are methods for treating prostate cancer in a subject inneed thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) a compositionprovided herein, wherein the composition comprises a DIM-related indoleand one or more additional active agents known to treat prostate cancer.In some of the preferred embodiments, provided herein are methods fortreating prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, wherein thecomposition comprises a DIM-related indole and Biculatamide (as anadditional active agent). In such embodiments, it is contemplated thatthe DIM-related indole and the one or more additional active agents(such as Biculatamide) are present in the same composition, in a fixeddose combination (such as in one capsule). In other embodiments, thecompositions administered to treat prostate cancer comprise aDIM-related indole as the only biologically active agent. In some ofthese embodiments, concurrent administration of an additional activeagent (e.g., Biculatamide), in a separate container or composition, isalso contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods fortreating prostate cancer in a patient in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, andco-administering (e.g., orally) Biculatamide to a subject (suchadministration can be concomitant or sequential). In one embodiment,both a composition comprising a DIM-related indole and Biculatamide areadministered orally. In particular embodiments of the methods providedherein, the compositions described herein (comprising a DIM-relatedindole as the only active agent, or comprising one or more active agentssuch as Biculatamide in addition to a DIM-related indole) are effectivein treating prostate cancer or one or more symptoms of prostate cancer(e.g., in reducing the size of the tumor, slowing progression of thetumor, prolonging the life span, increasing remission time, etc.). Inone embodiment, the administering as described herein is performed oncedaily. In one embodiment, the administering as described herein isperformed twice daily.

Also encompassed herein are methods for treating or preventing breastcancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering any one ofthe compositions and formulations provided herein to a subject (e.g., ahuman). In certain embodiments, the subject being treated has breastcancer (has been diagnosed with breast cancer). In some embodiments,provided herein are methods for treating breast cancer in a subject inneed thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally) a compositionprovided herein, wherein the composition comprises a DIM-related indoleand one or more additional active agents known to treat breast cancer.In some of the preferred embodiments, provided herein are methods fortreating breast cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, wherein thecomposition comprises a DIM-related indole and tamoxifen (as anadditional active agent). In such embodiments, it is contemplated thatthe DIM-related indole and the one or more additional active agents(such as tamoxifen) are present in the same composition, in a fixed dosecombination (such as in one capsule). In other embodiments, thecompositions administered to treat breast cancer comprise a DIM-relatedindole as the only biologically active agent. In some of theseembodiments, concurrent administration of an additional active agent(e.g., tamoxifen), in a separate container or composition, is alsocontemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods fortreating breast cancer in a patient in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally) a composition provided herein, andco-administering (e.g., orally) tamoxifen to a subject (suchadministration can be concomitant or sequential). In one embodiment,both a composition comprising a DIM-related indole and tamoxifen areadministered orally. In particular embodiments of the methods providedherein, the compositions described herein (comprising a DIM-relatedindole as the only active agent, or comprising one or more active agentssuch as tamoxifen in addition to a DIM-related indole) are effective intreating breast cancer or one or more symptoms of breast cancer (e.g.,in reducing the size of the tumor, slowing progression of the tumor,prolonging the life span, increasing remission time, etc.). In oneembodiment, the administering as described herein is performed oncedaily. In one embodiment, the administering as described herein isperformed twice daily.

Also encompassed herein are methods for treating or preventing aparasitic disease (e.g., malaria) in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering any one of the compositions and formulationsprovided herein to a subject (e.g., a human). In certain embodiments,the subject being treated has a parasitic disease such as malaria (e.g.,has been diagnosed with a parasitic disease such as malaria). In someembodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a parasiticdisease, such as malaria, in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering (e.g., orally or rectally) a composition provided herein,wherein the composition comprises a DIM-related indole and one or moreadditional active agents known to treat the parasitic disease (e.g.,malaria). In some of the preferred embodiments, provided herein aremethods for treating a parasitic disease (e.g., malaria) in a subject inneed thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally or rectally) acomposition provided herein, wherein the composition comprises aDIM-related indole and Artemether (as an additional active agent). Insuch embodiments, it is contemplated that the DIM-related indole and theone or more additional active agents (such as Artemether) are present inthe same composition, in a fixed dose combination (such as in onecapsule, or one rectal suppository as a delivery vehicle). In otherembodiments, the compositions administered to treat a parasitic disease(e.g., malaria) comprise a DIM-related indole as the only biologicallyactive agent. In some of these embodiments, concurrent administration ofan additional active agent (e.g., Artemether), in a separate containeror composition, is also contemplated. In some embodiments, providedherein are methods for treating a parasitic disease (e.g., malaria) in apatient in need thereof comprising administering (e.g., orally or in aform a rectal suppository) a composition provided herein, andco-administering (e.g., orally or in a form a rectal suppository)Artemether to a subject (such administration can be concomitant orsequential). In one embodiment, both a composition comprising aDIM-related indole and Artemether are administered orally. In particularembodiments of the methods provided herein, the compositions describedherein (comprising a DIM-related indole as the only active agent, orcomprising one or more active agents such as Artemether in addition to aDIM-related indole) are effective in treating a parasitic disease (e.g.,malaria) or one or more symptoms thereof (e.g., effective to reduceparasite counts, such as blood, tissue or intestinal parasite counts).In one embodiment, the administering as described herein is performedonce daily. In one embodiment, the administering as described herein isperformed twice daily.

5.11 Patient Identification or Selection

The subject, or patient, to be treated using the methods of theinvention is an animal, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human, a cow, a dog, acat, a goat, a horse, a sheep or a pig, In a preferred embodiment, thepatient is a human, and can be a fetus, child, or adult. In oneembodiment, the subject is a human male. In another embodiment, thesubject is a human female.

In certain embodiment, the subject has (e.g., has been diagnosed with)the disease, disorder or condition being treated.

5.12 Kits

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical, nutritional ornutraceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers, wherein atleast one container is filled with one or more compositions of theinvention. A pack can be a blister pack (e.g., carrying capsules), apack of tampons, a pack of rectal suppositories, a pack of wounddressings, or a pack of nutritional products (a pack of food bars ordrink mixes). Optionally associated with such container(s) can be anotice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating themanufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products,which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or salefor human administration.

In one embodiment, the kit comprises in one container a composition ofthe invention comprising a DIM-related indole and a second API (in thesame delivery vehicle). In one embodiment, the composition of theinvention comprises a DIM-related indole and a second API together inone capsule (e.g., in a blister pack). The kit may comprise multipledosage units such as capsules. In other embodiments, the composition ofthe invention comprising a DIM-related indole is provided in onecontainer, and a second API is in a separate container of the kit.

In specific embodiments, the kit comprises one of the compositions ofthe invention formulated for oral administration. In other embodiments,the kit comprises one of the compositions of the invention formulatedfor topical administration (in an appropriate delivery vehicle).

The kit can comprise any dosage of a DIM-related indole and a second APIdescribed herein. In a specific embodiment, the DIM-related indole isDIM.

In certain embodiments, the kit can comprise one or more containers,utensils and/or instructions. A utensil can comprise item(s) toadminister the drug. A container can contain one or multiple doses ofthe composition of the invention (e.g., multiple doses in single doseunits). The kit may further contain instructions for administration ofthe compounds of the invention, e.g., instructions regarding dosages,frequency of administration, indications, mode of administration,counter-indications, etc. For example, the instructions may indicatethat the composition is to be taken once daily or twice daily.

5.13 Exemplary Embodiments of the Invention

Embodiment 1: A composition comprising a DIM-related indole having Log Pfrom 3 to 5.5 and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprises a carriersolvent, one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7, and oneor more co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7.

Embodiment 1 (alternatively phrased): A self-emulsifying composition (orformulation) for delivery of a DIM-related indole comprising aDIM-related indole having Log P from 3 to 5.5 and a carrier (of theDIM-related indole), wherein the carrier comprises a carrier solvent,one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7, and one or moreco-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7.

Embodiment 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the carrier is asolution or a suspension.

Embodiment 3. The composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein theDIM-related indole is dissolved in the carrier, or wherein theDIM-related indole has more than 10% solubility in the solvent.

Embodiment 4. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, whereinthe one or more co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7 comprisea lecithin. Optionally, in some embodiments, the lecithin is in anamount of at least 4%, in specific embodiments, between 4% and 15%.

Embodiment 5. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the lecithin isphosphatidyl choline or lysophosphatidyl choline.

Embodiment 6. The composition of embodiment 5, wherein the lecithin isphosphatidyl choline.

Embodiment 7. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, whereinthe one or more co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7 comprisepropylene glycol caprylate or a phosphatidic acid derivative thereof.

Embodiment 8. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, whichcomprises at least two co-surfactants with HLB equal to or less than 7,and at least one of the co-surfactants is a lecithin.

Embodiment 9. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, whereinthe carrier comprises an agent, wherein the agent is a triglyceride or apolyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride. Optionally, in someembodiments, the triglyceride or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof isin an amount between 1% and 20%, in specific embodiments, between 5% and15%.

Embodiment 10. The composition of embodiment 9, wherein the triglycerideor polyoxyethylene derivative of a triglyceride is a caprylic/caprictriglyceride or an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride.

Embodiment 11. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 10,wherein the carrier further comprises an agent, wherein the agent is aderivatized cellulose that is soluble in the composition, apolyoxythene/ polyoxypropylene copolymer (known as Poloxamer), polyvinylacetate phthalate, or polyvinyl pyrolidone. In a specific embodiment ofEmbodiment 11, the carrier further comprises an agent, wherein the agentis a polyethylene oxide polypropylene oxide block copolymer (such asHO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H).

Embodiment 12. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein said agent is apoloxamer. Optionally, in some embodiments, the poloxamer is in anamount between 5% and 30%, in specific embodiments, between 5% and 25%or 10% and 25%.

Embodiment 13. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein the molecularmass of the hydrophobic block of the polyethylene oxide polypropyleneoxide block copolymer (such as HO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H) isgreater than 50% (e.g., greater than 52%) of the total molecular mass ofthe copolymer, and, optionally, wherein the molecular mass of thehydrophilic block of the polyethylene oxide polypropylene oxide blockcopolymer (such as HO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H) is less than2250 Daltons (e.g., less than 2000 Daltons, less than 1500 Daltons, orless than 1200 Daltons). The composition of embodiment 12, wherein themolecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer is greater than50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer and the molecular massof the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer is less than 2250 Daltons.

Embodiment 14. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein said agent is aderivatized cellulose, and wherein said derivatized cellulose ishydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetatephthalate, or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate.

Embodiment 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 9 to 14,wherein said agent inhibits crystallization of the DIM-related indole ondispersion of the composition in water or intestinal fluids.

Embodiment 16. The composition of embodiment 15, wherein the agentinhibits crystallization of the DIM-related indole as determined by invitro dispersion testing or in vitro digestion testing.

Embodiment 17. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 16,wherein the DIM-related indole is present in the composition in aconcentration from 10 mg/ml to 300 mg/ml, 10 mg/mL to 200 mg/mL, 30mg/ml to 150 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml to 130 mg/ml, or 90 mg/ml to 125 mg/ml.

Embodiment 18. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 17,wherein the DIM-related indole in the composition is in an amount atleast, or more than 5% or 7.5% by weight.

Embodiment 19. The composition of embodiment 18, wherein the DIM-relatedindole in the composition is in an amount at least, equal to or morethan 10% or 12% by weight.

Embodiment 20. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 18,wherein the DIM-related indole in the composition is in an amount from2% to 20%, 5% to 20%, 7.5% to 15%, 8% to 20%, 8% to 14%, 9% to 13%, or10% to 12%, or 1% to 14%, or 12 to 14% by weight.

Embodiment 21. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 20,wherein the carrier solvent is a solvent that is pharmaceuticallyacceptable or acceptable when present in food, and wherein the carriersolvent is a Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride, diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether, propylene glycol, or an essential oil.

Embodiment 22. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the essentialoil is peppermint oil, rosemary oil, orange oil, lemon oil, tea treeoil, wintergreen oil, lavender oil, ginger oil, nutmeg oil, fennel oil,eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, or borage oil. In some embodiments, thislist of essential oils further includes, pomegranate seed oil, blackcumin oil, rice germ oil, rice bran oil, krill oil, and green-lippedmuscle oil. In some embodiments, this list further includes, withoutlimitation, sunflower oil. In other embodiments, the essential oil isnot sunflower oil. In some embodiments, the essential oil is not oliveoil. In one preferred embodiment, the essential oil is peppermint oil.In one preferred embodiment, the essential oil is rosemary oil.

Embodiment 23. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 22,wherein the carrier solvent is in an amount greater than or equal to 4%or 5% by weight, or from 4% to 50% by weight.

Embodiment 24. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23,wherein the one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 isPolysorbate 80.

Embodiment 25. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23,wherein the one or more surfactants with an HLB of greater than 7 is aLauroyl polyoxyl 32 glyceride or a polyoxyethyl hydroxyl stearate.

Embodiment 26. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 25,wherein the composition does not comprise TPGS, and/or does not comprisecod liver oil.

Embodiment 27. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, which,upon dispersion in water or intestinal fluids, emulsifies to form adispersion of oil-in-water globules or forms an emulsion ofoil-in-water-globules).

Embodiment 28. The composition of embodiment 27, wherein at least 50% ofthe globules is less than, or the globules have a mean particle sizeless than, 1.5 μm, 1 μm, 0.75 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.5 μm or 0.3 μm in size(e.g., in diameter).

Embodiment 29. The composition of embodiment 27, wherein at least 50% ofthe globules is between 0.01 and 1 μm, between 0.01 and 0.6 μm orbetween 0.02 and 0.4 μm in size (e.g., in diameter).

Embodiment 30. The composition of embodiment 27, wherein the globuleshave a mean particle size (e.g., diameter) between 0.01 and 1 μm,between 0.01 and 0.6 μm, between 0.02 and 0.4 μm, between 0.05 and 0.2μm, or between 0.02 and 0.2 μm.

Embodiment 31. The composition of any one of embodiments 28 to 30,wherein the size of the particles is determined by in vitro dispersiontesting.

Embodiment 32. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 31, which,2 hours after ingestion by a subject, provides the DIM-related indole ina plasma of the subject in a concentration of at least or more than 150ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml or 300 ng/ml, or between 200 ng/ml and 600ng/ml, between 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, or between 300 ng/ml and 400ng/ml.

Embodiment 33. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, which,upon ingestion by a subject, provides Cmax of the DIM-related indole ofat least or more than 150 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml or 300 ng/ml(e.g., in a plasma of a subject).

Embodiment 34. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 33, which,upon ingestion by a subject, achieves mean or average AUC (ng/ml*hr) ofthe DIM-related indole of at least or more than 500 ng/ml*hr, 750ng/ml*hr, 1000 ng/ml*hr, 1250 ng/ml*hr or 1500 ng/ml*hr, or between 750ng/ml*hr and 2000 ng/ml*hr, or between 1000 ng/ml*hr and 2000 ng/ml*hr,or between 1250 and 1750 ng/ml*hr.

Embodiment 35. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 34,wherein the DIM-related indole is 3,3′ diindolylmethane (DIM).

Embodiment 36. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 34,wherein the DIM-related indole is LTR.

Embodiment 37. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 36,wherein the composition is shelf-life stable for at least or more than 6months, 1 year, 2 years, or 5 years.

Embodiment 38. The composition of embodiment 37, wherein the stabilityis characterized by lack of re-crystallization of the DIM-relatedindole.

Embodiment 39. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 38, whichis formulated for oral use (e.g., a capsule).

Embodiment 40. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 39,wherein the composition is formulated as a soft shell gelatin capsule ora hard shell gelatin capsule.

Embodiment 41. The composition of any one of embodiment 1 to 40, whichis formulated for topical use.

Embodiment 42. The composition of embodiment 41, which is furtherdiluted with solvent for processing onto delivery devices, optionally,the solvent is isopropanol, ethanol or acetone, and optionally thedilution is to a ratio of not more than 9:1 (i.e., solvent 9 parts to 1part of the composition (comprising a DIM-related indole)) on a wt/wtbasis. Optionally, the solvent-diluted compositon can be applied to adelivery vehicle (e.g., a tampon, a wound dressing, a food item, asuppository, or any other delivery vehicle described herein), and thendried to evaporate the solvent.

Embodiment 43. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 42,wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of DIM.Optionally, the composition comprises from 25 to 100 mg of theDIM-related indole, e.g., per dose (e.g., per capsule).

Embodiment 44. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, whichfurther comprises retinyl palmitate (as an additional API), e.g., in aneffective amount.

Embodiment 45. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, whichfurther comprises retinyl palmitate and Vitamin D (as additional APIs),e.g., in effective amounts.

Embodiment 46. The composition of any one of embodiments 44-46, whereinthe retinyl palmitate is in an amount from 2.75 to 10 mg.

Embodiment 47. A method for treating acne in a human subject in needthereof comprising administering the composition of any one ofembodiments 1 to 46 to the subject.

Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47 comprising administering thecomposition of any one of claims 44 to 46 to the subject.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 47 comprising furtherco-administering retinyl palmitate to the subject (e.g., in an effectiveamount).

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein retinyl palmitate isco-administered at the same time or concomitantly to the subject.

Embodiment 51. The method of any one of embodiments 47-50, which iseffective to treat acne when administration is performed for a period ofat least 3 months or at least 6 months.

Embodiment 52. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, whichfurther comprises Melatonin (as an additional API), e.g., in aneffective amount.

Embodiment 53. A method for promoting sleep, reducing sleep latency orreducing the number of night-time awakenings in a human subject in needthereof comprising administering the composition of embodiment 52 to thesubject.

Embodiment 54. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, whichfurther comprises Vitamin K (as an additional API), e.g., in aneffective amount. Optionally, Vitamin K is Vitamin K2, e.g., in theamount from 25 μg to 1600 μg per dose.

Embodiment 55. A method for promoting bone health or promoting hearthealth in a human subject in need thereof comprising administering thecomposition of embodiment 54 to the subject.

Embodiment 56. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, whichfurther comprises Bicalutamide, artemether or tamoxifen (as additionalAPIs), e.g., in an effective amount.

Embodiment 57. The method of any one of embodiments 47-51, 53 and 55,wherein the administering is performed once a day, or twice a day.

Embodiment 58. The method of any one of embodiments 47-51, 53, 55 and57, wherein the administration is oral.

Embodiment 59. A method for treating atopic dermatitis in a subject(such as a mammal, e.g., a human, a dog, or a cat) in need thereofcomprising administering (e.g., orally administering, optionally, onceor twice a day) the composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 43 to thesubject.

Embodiment 60. A composition comprising a DIM-related indole having LogP from 3 to 5.5 (e.g., DIM) and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprisesa solvent (e.g., Transcutol° and/or Labrasol® ALF), a triglyceride(e.g., Labrafac° AC WL1349, Labrafil®M1944CS, and/or olive oil), asurfactant (e.g., Cordasol® HS-HP, Polysorbate 80, and/or Gelucire®44/14), a co-surfactant (e.g., a phosphatidyl choline (such asPhospholipon 85G) and/or Capryol® 90), and, optionally, an additionalsurfactant or co-surfactant (e.g., Gelucire® 44/14 and/or Capryol® 90).Instead of the specific components identified by their trade names, anequivalent component in accordance with Table 1, or an equivalentcomponent described in the specification or known in the art, can beused in such compositions. Further, optionally, such composition maycomprise a polymer (e.g., Poloxamer 124, and/or another polymerdescribed in the specification or known in the art) and/or a secondactive ingredient (e.g., Retinyl Palmitate). In certain specificembodiments, such composition comprises DIM in the amount of about 10%to 12% by weight and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprises a solvent(e.g., Transcutol® and/or Labrasol® ALF) in the amount of about 35% to51% by weight, a triglyceride (e.g., Labrafac® AC WL1349, Labrafil®M1944CS, and/or olive oil) in the amount of about 8% to 20% by weight, asurfactant (e.g., Cordasol® HS-HP, Polysorbate 80, and/or Gelucire®44/14) in the amount of about 15% to 25% by weight, a co-surfactant(e.g., a phosphatidyl choline (such as Phospholipon 85G) and/or Capryol90) in the amount of about 4% to 12% by weight, and, optionally, anadditional surfactant or co-surfactant (e.g., Gelucire® 44/14 and/orCapryol® 90) in the amount of about 4% to 10% by weight. In a preferredembodiment, such composition comprises a phosphatidyl choline as aco-surfactant, e.g., in the amount of about 4% to 12% by weight (such as4-12% by weight), or about 8% to 10% by weight (such as 8-10% byweight). In a preferred embodiment, such composition comprises an oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glyceride (e.g., Labrafil® M1944CS) as a triglyceride (and,not, e.g., a propylene glycol di-caprylate), e.g., in the amount ofabout 8% to 10% by weight (such as 8-10% by weight). In a preferredembodiment, such composition further comprises a polymer such asPoloxamer 124, e.g., in the amount of about 11% to 52% by weight (suchas 11-52% by weight), or about 24% to 52% by weight (such as 24-52% byweight). Generally, the term “about” as used herein encompasses a rangeof values between 25% greater than and 25% less than the stated value;in one embodiment, the term “about” encompasses a range of valuesbetween 10% greater than and 10% less than the stated value. Thespecific values stated and ranges between the specific stated values arealso contemplated and preferred. In a preferred embodiment, thecompositions described herein, upon dispersion in water or contact withintestinal fluids, emulsify to form a dispersion of oil-in-waterglobules which have a particle size or diameter (e.g., mean particlesize or diameter) of 0.01 to 0.5 micron (μm), such as about 0.02, about0.03, about 0.08, about 0.1, about 0.15, or about 0.2 micron (μm) (orany range in between these values).

Embodiment 61. A composition comprising a DIM-related indole having LogP from 3 to 5.5 (e.g., DIM) and a carrier, wherein the carrier comprisesa solvent oil (e.g., peppermint oil and/or rosemary oil), one or moresurfactants (e.g., Gelucire® 44/14 and/or Polysorbate 80), one or moreco-surfactants (e.g., Capryol® 90 and/or a phosphatidyl choline), and,optionally, a second active ingredient (e.g., melatonin). Instead of thespecific components identified by their trade names, an equivalentcomponent in accordance with Table 1, or an equivalent componentdescribed in the specification or known in the art, can be used in suchcompositions. In certain specific embodiments, such compositioncomprises DIM in the amount of about 10% to 12% by weight and a carrier,wherein the carrier comprises a solvent oil (e.g., peppermint oil and/orrosemary oil) in the amount of about 10% to 12% by weight, a surfactant(e.g., Gelucire® 44/14) in the amount of about 35% by weight, aco-surfactant (e.g., Capryol® 90) in the amount of about 10% to 18% byweight, an additional surfactant (e.g., Polysorbate 80) in the amount ofabout 25% by weight, and, optionally, an additional co-surfactant (e.g.,a phosphatidyl choline) in the amount of about 4% to 8% by weight. Inone preferred embodiment, the solvent oil is rosemary oil. Generally,the term “about” as used herein encompasses a range of values between25% greater than and 25% less than the stated value; in one embodiment,the term “about” encompasses a range of values between 10% greater thanand 10% less than the stated value. The specific values stated andranges between the specific stated values are also contemplated andpreferred. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions described herein,upon dispersion in water or contact with intestinal fluids, emulsify toform a dispersion of oil-in-water globules which have a particle size ordiameter (e.g., mean particle size or diameter) of 0.01 to 0.5 micron(μm), such as about 0.03, about 0.05, about 0.08, about 0.1, about 0.15,about 0.2, or about 0.3 micron (μm) (or any range in between thesevalues).

Embodiment 62. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 61 or anyother composition or formulation described herein, which does notcomprise monomer polyvinyl caprolactam (which is also known as polyvinylcaprolactam—polyvinyl acetate—polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, andalso known as a polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate andpolyvinylcaprolactame-based graft copolymer) (such as Soluplus®). Thecomposition of any of embodiments 1 to 61, wherein the carrier does notcomprise monomer polyvinyl caprolactam (which is also known as polyvinylcaprolactam—polyvinyl acetate—polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, andalso known as a polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate andpolyvinylcaprolactame-based graft copolymer) (such as Soluplus).

The invention is further explained by the following illustrativeexamples:

6. EXAMPLES 6.1 Example 1. Determination of PhysicochemicalCharacteristics of DIM and Related Multimeric Indole Compounds

This example describes assessment of the relevant physicochemicalcharacteristics of DIM and structurally related multimeric indolecompounds.

DIM has demonstrated the characteristics of stability in neutral andacidic media. When tested in water DIM demonstrated a maximal solubilityof 0.7 μg/ml. When tested in an aqueous acid environment of pH 2, whichis similar to the human gastric environment, the solubility wasessentially unchanged with a maximal solubility of 0.6 μg/ml. Indirectly determining the solubility of DIM the shake-flask method fordetermination of maximum solubility in aqueous media was utilized. Thesolubility was determined as described by Lindenberg et al., 2004, EurJPharm Biopharm. 58(2):265-78. The drug was weighed in excess of itsexpected solubility in Uniprep® vials equipped with a 0.45-μm membranefilter, and 2 ml of Milli-Q water, 0.01N HCL (pH 2.0), or phosphatebuffer (pH 7.4) (USP) was added into the vial. The vials were incubatedat 37±0.5 0 C. while shaking on a “Polymax 1040” orbital shaker(Heidolph, Schwabach). The samples of the solutions were taken after 4or 24 hours by pressing the Uniprep® plunger down, diluted asappropriate, and the concentration of DIM was analyzed by HPLC, asdescribed below. The measurements were done in triplicate. The maximumconcentration of DIM in aqueous media used in this study was 0.6 μg/ml.The solubility or stability was not influenced by pH and was similar inwater, 0.01N HCl or PBS (pH 7.4). When tested in Octanol using the sameShake-flask method and HPLC determination of DIM concentration, resultsrevealed a concentration of 2,300 μg/ml DIM. Using these results, theexperimental log P for DIM was determined to be 3.583.

Based on a LogP of 3.583, DIM is a molecule of uncertain formulationrequirements for Lipid Based Formulations (LBFs) since the log P is notgreater the 5 which would indicate candidacy for formulations targetinglypmphatic uptake and transport. A log P of 3.583 and in the range of 3and greater also indicates poor water solubility and difficulty forformulations to increase water solubility sufficiently to enter hepaticportal venous blood.

A log P of 3.583 for DIM indicating middle range or intermediate lipidsolubility for DIM, together with low water solubility and theuncertainty of solubility of DIM in specific lipid components,emphasizes the need for formulations specifically developed toaccomodate DIM.

Using DIM as a lead compound having a multimeric indole structure, it isan object of the present invention to provide SMEDDS formulations toachieve improved bioavailability of DIM and multimeric indole compoundsclosely related to DIM, which, like DIM, possess similar limitedsolubility and requirements for formulation in LBF's, for example, asdemonstrated by their experimental or calculated log P values. Suchcompounds include 2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-Diindolylmethane (LTR), thetrimeric indole multimer, 2,2-bis(3,3′indolyl) acetaldehyde, andadditional dimeric, substituted DIM-related compounds described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,589,975, 6,444,697, and 6,323,233.

Calculated log P evaluation of DIM and the related compounds includeduse of the ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 software. (CambridgeSoft). The ChemDrawmethods applied to the calculated LogP's of interest include threefragmentation methods which are used to predict the logP values. Methodone was based on 94 atomic contributions evaluated from 830 molecules byleast squares analysis. This method works with a standard deviation of0.47 logP units and can handle molecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur and halogens in addition to carbon. Method two is anextension of method one but is based on 120 atomic contributionsevaluated from 893 molecules by least squares analysis. This methodworks with a standard deviation of 0.50 logP units. Method three isbased on 222 atomic contributions calculated from 1868 molecules byleast squares analysis. This method allows a calculation of logP with astandard deviation of 0.43 logP units and can handle moleculescontaining hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens and phosphorusatoms. Therefore, calculated LogP results using ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 canbe expected to provide LogP within 0.5 log P units of experimental logP′s and be instructive as to whether there is applicability of theSMEDDS formulations developed for DIM to structurally related,multimeric indole compounds. Results summarizing experimental andcalculated LogP's are presented in the following table:

Experimental Calculated Indole log P log P's Compound StructureDetermination (source) 3,3′- Diindolylmethane (aka bis(3,3′-indolyl)methane (DIM))

3.583 3.21^(a), 4.05^(b), 4.26^(c) 2,2′- Diindolylmethane

Not Determined 3.01^(a) 2,2-bis(3,3′- indolyl) acetaldehyde

Not Determined 3.54^(a) 2,2-bis(2,2′- indolyl) acetaldehyde

Not Determined 3.49^(a) 5-Me-DIM

Not Determined 4.18^(a) 5-Cl-DIM

Not Determined 4.32^(a) 5-F-DIM

Not Determined 3.52^(a) 2-Me-DIM

Not Determined 3.88^(a) 2-(indol-3- ylmethyl)-3,3′- Diindolylmethane(LTR)

Not Determined 4.76^(a) methyl 2,2-bis(1- methyl-1H-indol- 3-yl)acetate

Not Determined 3.11^(a) ^(a)ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 software.(CambridgeSoft)^(b)http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2963.html^(c)http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=c1ccc2c%28c1%29c%28c%5BnH%5D2%29Cc3c%5BnH%5Dc4c3cccc4&source=fp

Based on the overlapping experimental and calculated LogP values forDIM, and calculated log P values for closely related2,2-bis(3,3′indolyl) acetaldehyde both of these compouns are expected tofunction similarly in the SMEDDS formulations described herein. LTR hashigher lipid specific solubility requirements as indicated by acalculated LogP of 4.76. However, based on the inherent variation of 0.5LogP unit from calculated to experimental LogP's, the actual LogP forLTR is predicted to be within 1 log P unit of the actual DIM log P andto have a comparable lipid solubility and performance to DIM in theSMEDDS formulations described herein.

Because of the similar log P values, and thus, similar physicochemicalproperties, of DIM, DIM dimer 2,2-bis(3,3′indolyl) acetaldehyde, and DIMtrimer (2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane [also written: 2(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-indol-3-yl]indol-3-ylmethane] (LTR), theself-emulsifying compositions described herein are expected to becompatible not only with DIM, but also with the DIM dimer and with LTR,as well as with other multimeric indole compounds structurally relatedto DIM with calculated or experimental log P values between 3 and 5.5,or preferably between 3.2 and 5, or most preferably between 3.2 and 4.5.

6.2 Example 2. Evaluation and Ranking of Excipients for Development of aSMEDDS System for DIM and DIM-related compounds

The present invention is the result of the determination of uniquecombinations of excipients that dissolve crystalline Diindolylmethane(DIM) (and are expected to dissolve structurally related multimericindole compounds) to form pre-concentrates. Upon ingestion, theperformance of these SMEDDS formulations results in increased oralbioavailability of DIM compared to crystalline DIM as well as increasedbioavailability compared to spray dried formulations where DIM iscomplexed with tocopherol PEG 1000 succinate (TPGS).

The first step in this development process was the testing of a varietyof excipients chosen as potentially active in solubilizing DIM. Table 1shows some of the results of this study. The method involved weighing ofapproximately 2 grams of each of the liquid excipients into a smallvial. Subsequently, a small amount of DIM was added, and the mixture wasshaken. Further, small amounts of DIM were added until no further DIMwas observed to go into solution using microscopic observation.

TABLE 1 Category of Excipient oil/Solvent, Surfactant, Co- DIMSurfactant, Trade Name Chemical Name(s) HLB Solubility Particle ModifierTranscutol ® Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether N/A >25%  Solvent PlurolOleique Glycerol mono/di-oleate 6 5% Co-surfactant Capryol PGMCPropylene glycol monocaprylate 5 8% Co-surfactant Lauroylglycol 90Propylene glycol monolaurate 5 3% Co-surfactant Labrafil ® Oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glycerides 4 5% Co-surfactant M1944CS Oleoyl macrogol-6glycerides Apricot kernel oil PEG-6 esters PEG-5 oleate Labrafac ® ACMedium-chain triglycerides 3 3% Oil WL1349 Medium chain fatty acidtriglyceride Caprylic/Capric triglyceride Labrafac ® PG Propylene glycoldi-caprylate 2 4.5%  oil Capryol ® 90 Propylene glycol monocaprylate 67% Co-surfactant Labrasol ® ALF Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 12  25% Solvent glycerides Caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides Caprylocaproylpolyoxylglycerides PEG-8 Caprylic/Capric glycerides Peceol Glycerolmonooleate 3 2% Co-surfactant Propylene glycol N/A N/A 2% SolventMaisine 35-1 Glyceryl monolinoleate 4 2% Co-surfactant Gelucire ® 44/14Lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerdies 14  19%  Surfactant Lauroyl macrogol-32glycerides Lauroyl Polyoxylglyceride Crodasol ® HS-HP Mixture ofmonoesters and diesters 14-16 14%  Surfactant of 12-hydroxystearic acidand macrogols Polysorbate 80 Polyoxyethylelene (20) sorbitan 15  12% Surfactant monooleate (x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoatepoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) Peppermint oil Mixture — 4% Oil

From the above testing and results, it was established that the solventexcipients Transcutol® and Labrasol® ALF are good candidates to dissolvethe DIM. Gelucire® 44/14 can act as both a solvent and a high HLBsurfactant to build an effective emulsion. A low HLB surfactant, actingas a co-surfactant such as Capryol® 90 also showed that it too candissolve appreciable amounts of DIM. In looking at possible oil-liketriglycerides to improve absorption of the DIM, the Labrafil® M1944CSwas identified as a good candidate that showed slightly bettersolubility than the medium chain triglycerides.

In looking at possible solvents, such as oils, to use for NutritionalSupplement formulations, classical oils such as olive oil or sunfloweroil were ruled out because of very low ability to dissolve DIM. However,peppermint oil was found to have a modest ability to dissolve DIM. Basedon the above data, emulsifiers (surfactants and co-surfactants) approvedfor nutritional supplement use that were found to be good candidatesinclude Polysorbate 80, Gelucire® 44/14, and Capryol® 90.

6.3 Example 3. Formulations of Candidate Mixtures of Oil Solvents,Surfactants, Co-Surfactants, and Additional Components

Using the information described in Example 2, various DIM formulationswere prepared, some of which are described herein. The description ofcertain formulations in Table 2, below, indicates the weight of eachcomponent in the formulation in grams with a total of 10 grams performulation placed in small vials. The dispersions of such formulationswere tested for particle size by laser diffraction following dispersionand spontaneous emulsion formation in water.

Each of the formulations were tested by dispersing approximately 1 gramof the candidate formulation in 200 mL of deionized water atapproximately 37° C. with slow stirring of a magnetic spin bar in a 1 Lbeaker. Within five minutes of the addition, sufficient mixture wasadded to a Malvern Mastersizer dynamic laser light scattering instrumentto satisfy the obscuration of the laser beams needed for measurement.

TABLE 2 Particle Size Results from Initial Formulation Studies forFormulations A to F Additional Surfactant Particle Formu- Solvent +Triglycerides + Co- or Co- Size, lation DIM, g wt., g. Amount, g.Surfactant, g. surfactant, g. surfactant, g. μm A 1.0 g Transcutol ®,Labrafac ® Crodasol ® Phospholipon Gelucire ® 0.22 (i.e., 3.5 g ACWL1349, HS-HP, 1.5 g 85G, 1.0 g 44/14, 1.0 g 10%) (i.e., 35%) 1.0 g(i.e., 10%), (i.e., 15%) (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 10%) Labrafil ® M1944CS, 1.0g (i.e., 10%) (20% total) B 1.0 g Transcutol ®, Olive oil PolysorbatePhospholipon — 7.0 (i.e., 4.0 g 2.0 g 80 2.0 g. 85G, 1.0 g 10%) (i.e.,40%) (i.e., 20%) (i.e., 20%) (i.e., 10%) C 1.0 g Labrasol ® Labrafac ®Crodasol ® Phospholipon Gelucire ® 0.14 (i.e., ALF, 3.5 g AC WL1349,HS-HP, 1.5 g 85G, 1.0 g 44/14 1.0 g 10%) (i.e., 35%) 1.0 g (i.e., 10%)(i.e., 15%) (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 10%) Labrafil M1944CS, 1.0 g (i.e., 10%)(20% total) D 1.2 g Labrasol ® Labrafac ® Gelucire ® Phospholipon 0.2(aka29A) (i.e., ALF, 5.1 g AC WL1349, 44/14, 1.9 g 85G, 0.8 g 12%)(i.e., 51%) 1.0 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 19%) (i.e., 8%) E 1.2 g Labrasol ®Labrafac ® Gelucire ® — Capryol ® 0.8 (i.e., ALF, 5.1 g AC WL1349,44/14, 1.9 g 90 0.8 g 12%) (i.e., 51%) 1.0 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 19%)(i.e., 8%) F 1.2 g Labrasol ® Labrafac ® Gelucire ® PhospholiponCapryol ® 0.3 (i.e., ALF, 5.1 g AC WL1349, 44/14, 1.9 g 85G, 0.4 g 900.4 g 12%) (i.e., 51%) 1.0 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 19%) (i.e., 4%) (i.e.,4%)

Formulations A, B, C, D and F contain phosphatidyl choline, whereasFormulation E does not contain phosphatidyl choline. Formulations A, B,C, D, E or F do not contain poloxamer.

6.4 Example 4. In Vitro Self-emulsification and Particle Size Testingwith Additional Particle Modifying DIM SMEDDS Components. UnexpectedBenefits from the use of Phosphatidyl Choline and Poloxamer

Various additional agents were tested for possible benefit in producingstable spontaneous emulsions in water in an effort to reduce theglobule/particle size. These additional agents included such agents asSoluplus and Poloxomer 124. Table 3 shows exemplary formulations tested.

Some of the formulations were formulated with and without Soluplus andwith and without phosphatidyl choline-rich isolates from lecithin. Theformulations were tested by dispersing approximately 1 gram of thecandidate formulation in 200 mL of deionized water at approximately 370C. with slow stirring of a magnetic spin bar in a 1 L beaker. Withinfive minutes of the addition, sufficient mixture was added to a MalvernMastersizer dynamic laser light scattering instrument to satisfy theobscuration of the laser beams needed for measurement.

Unexpected Effect of Phosphatidyl Choline on DIM SMEDDS

As indicated by the particle size results in Table 2, above, and Table3, below, the use of Phospholipon 85G, which is principally aphosphatidyl choline, in the formulation resulted in unexpectedly veryfine particle dispersion as compared to a more classical low HLBsurfactant such as Capryol 90 (compare formulations D and E). Even whenhalf and half classical low HLB surfactant and phosphatidyl choline wasused, a smaller particle size dispersion was produced than with the useof low HLB surfactant alone (see comparison of E and F formulations).This demonstrates unexpected activity for phosphatidyl choline whichresults in a reduction in globule size on dispersion of the DIM SMEDS inaqueous media. Phosphatidyl choline improves the dispersion capabilityof the SMEDDS formulations indicating that the use of phosphatidylcholine is likely to result in improved bioavailability of theseformulations. Reduced particle size of SMEDDS formulations upondispersion in vitro has been linked to increased bioavailability in vivo(see Sha et al., 2012, Int J Nanomedicine 7:705-12).

Based on these unexpected findings a variety of naturally derivedphosphatidyl choline (PC) preparations including highly concentrated PCisolates from soy and sunflower are also contemplated in thepharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations described herein. Fornutraceutical DIM SMEDDS, PC isolates from sunflower are preferred as anon-genetically modified source with high PC content. Other natural andsemi-synthetic and synthetically modified forms of PC are alsocontemplated and can be tested for ability to minimize globule size ofthe emulsified SMEDDS formulation and improve solubility of DIM duringdigestion. Available and potentially useful forms of PC are known in theart (see, e.g., van Hoogevest et al., 2014, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol.116(9):1088-1107, which is incorporated by reference herein).

TABLE 3 Particle Size Results from Follow On Formulation Studies forFormulations G to M Co- Particle Formu- Active, Solvent +Triglycerides + Surfactant + surfactant + Polymer + Size, lation Amountwt., g. Amount, g. Amount, g. Amount, g. Amount, g. μm G DIM 1.2 gLabrasol ® Labrafil ® Gelucire ® Phospholipon Poloxamer 0.031 ^(a)(i.e., 12%) ALF, 2.8 g M1944CS, 1.0 g 44/14, 1.8 g 85G, 0.8 g 124 2.4 g0.079 ^(b) (i.e., 28%) (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 18%) (i.e., 8%) (i.e., 24%) HDIM 1.2 g Labrafil ® Gelucire ® Phospholipon Poloxamer 0.085 ^(a) (i.e.,12%) M1944CS, 1.0 g 44/14, 1.8 g 85G, 0.8 g 124 5.2 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e.,18%) (i.e., 8%) (i.e., 52%) I DIM 1.2 g Transcutol ®, Gelucire ® Capryol90, Soluplus (i.e., 12%) 4.0 g 44/14, 2.5 g 1.2 g 1.1 g (i.e., 40%)(i.e., 25%) (i.e., 12%) (i.e., 11%) J DIM Labrasol ® Labrafil ®Gelucire ® Phospholipon Poloxamer 0.48 ^(a) Phar- 1.2 g + ALF, 2.8 gM1944CS, 44/14, 1.8 g 85G, 1.0 g 124 2.4 g ma + 2 mg (i.e., 28%) 0.8 g(i.e., 8%) (i.e., 18%) (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 24%) RP Retinyl Palmitate(i.e., about 12% total) K DIM, 1.2 g Labrasol ® Labrafil ® Gelucire ®Capryol ® Poloxamer (i.e., 12%) ALF, 2.8 g M1944CS, 44/14, 1.8 g 90, 0.8g 124 2.4 g (i.e., 28%) 1 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 18%) (i.e., 8%) (i.e.,24%) L DIM 1.2 g Labrasol ® Labrafil ® Gelucire ® Phospholipon 0.164^(b) No (i.e., 12%) ALF, 5.1 g M1944CS, 44/14, 1.9 g 85G, 0.8 g Polox(i.e., 51%) 1 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 19%) (i.e., 8%) M DIM 1.2 gLabrasol ® Labrafil ® Gelucire ® Capryol-90, Poloxamer 0.134 ^(a) (i.e.,12%) ALF, 2.8 g M1944CS, 44/14, 1.8 g 0.4 g 124 2.4 g (i.e., 28%) 1 g(i.e., 10%) (i.e., 18%) (i.e., 4%) (i.e., 24%) Phospholipon 85G, 0.4 g(i.e., 4%) (total 8%) ^(a) Determined using Malvern Mastersizer ^(b)Determined using Nicomp Particle Sizing Systems

Unexpected Effect of Poloxamer on DIM SMEDDS

A number of polymers were considered for inclusion in the DIMformulations, including hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate phthalate, a proprietary polymer from BASFknown as Soluplus®, and various polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylenecopolymers generally known as poloxamers. Poloxamers are known toimprove oral bioavailability and are amphiphilic or possessing bothhydrophobic and hydrophilic portions on the molecule.

It was found that there was little useful solubility of the cellulosicpolymers in the mixture. Soluplus® was soluble with added heat tocomplete dissolution. However, when active ingredient was included withthe surfactant/polymer (Soluplus®) mixture and then dispersed in water,a stringy polymer precipitated rather than forming a fine dropletdispersion. The addition of the Poloxamer 124 not only dissolved butalso served to uniformly gel the product when cooled to ambienttemperature.

Poloxamers were suggested for use in pharmaceutical compositionscontaining DIM in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0065933. However, thecompositions described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0065933 aredifferent from the compositions described herein, and U.S. PatentPublication No. 2013/0065933 discloses the use of poloxamers with ahydrophobic block in the copolymer of less than 50 mass % and ahydrophilic block of 2250 Daltons or more, whereas Poloxamer 124 has ahydrophobic block of just over 53% and the hydrophilic block isapproximately 1050 Daltons in size.

Particle size measurements for formulations with and without Poloxamer124 were performed as described above. The results of the testing usinginstrument Malvern Mastersizer, are shown in Table 3, above. A smallerparticle size dispersion was produced when Poloxamer 124 was used (seeformulations G, H and L). This demonstrates unexpected activity forPoloxamer 124 which results in reduction in globule size on dispersionof the DIM SMEDS in aqueous media. This indicates that the use ofpoloxamer in self-emulsifying DIM formulations is likely to result inimproved bioavailability of these formulations.

It should also be noted that addition of the Poloxamer 124 caused theformulation to gel at room temperature. This gel appeared to be quitestable with time. Filling of standard gelatin capsules with thisformulation does not present problems and the capsules do not show anddeformation or leakage during storage.

The globule or drop size of the dispersed phase containing a mixture ofoils and surfactants with the dissolved active ingredient is determinedby a number of factors including the method of preparation, theconcentration and identity of the oil/surfactant system and the relativeamounts of the individual components. The median globule size asreported in a well prepared system is generally a normal distribution.

One of the problems associated with development of SMEDDS formulationsis that although API may initially disperse in mixtures of oils andsurfactants, the API ingredient can precipitate from the micro-emulsionon further stirring. This was observed for the early experimental DIMformulations tested by the inventors to begin to occur at approximately10 to 12 minutes. This was confirmed during experiments to examine theeffect of lipolysis media on the dispersion particle size and DIMsolubility. The problem of precipitation of DIM relates to thecharacteristic of DIM to readily reform crystals of DIM when dissolvedat saturating concentrations in any solvent system. Modification of therecrystallization process has the potential to improve overallsolubility, extend the time of active absorption of DIM in the GI track,and improve overall bioavailability. The impact of recrystallizationfrom SMEDDS formulation most importantly occurs during passages of theSMEDDS emulsified formulation into the upper small intestine wherepancreatic lipases, other digestive enzymes, and bile salts causedigestive breakdown and modification of the surfactant system. Thepotential digestive effects on SMEDDS performance in vivo are bestdetermined through in vitro lipolysis testing.

Formulation G, formulated with the Poloxamer 124, when stirred intowater, did not show crystals of DIM forming for over 20 minutes. Thus, adoubling of the time for the start of precipitation when dispersed inwater was observed with the use of poloxamer 124. The inhibition ofrecrystallization by the use of poloxamer is another unexpected andbeneficial activity of poloxamer (in addition to its role in reducingglobule size), which indicates that the use of poloxamer inself-emulsifying DIM formulations is likely to result in improvedbioavailability of self-emulsifying DIM formulations. The Formulation Galso showed the smallest globule diameter of all formulations testedwhen particle size was determined through dispersion in water and assayby dynamic light scattering using both the Malvern Mastersizer andNicomp Particle Sizing Instruments.

6.5 Example 5. Development of a Nutritional Supplement DIM SEDDSFormulation

Since not all of the excipients listed in the above formulations areapproved as food ingredients, an alternate formulation acceptable fornutritional supplements required further development. An initialexamination of food grade oils such as soybean oil, corn oil, orsunflower oil did not show promise in producing fine particledispersions. It was unexpectedly found that peppermint oil dissolved asmall amount of the DIM, thus, it was used for further studies. Aformulation with and without phosphatidyl choline (PC) was prepared tofurther confirm the utility of the addition of the PC rather than a moretypical co-surfactant. Dispersed globule size measurements wereperformed and shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Nutritional SMEDDS Formulation Development For- Ave. mula-Active Solvent Co- Addition. Co- particle tion Ingredient g. Oil, g.Surfactant g. surfactant g. surfactant g. surfactant g. size μm N DIM,Pepper- Gelucire ® Capryol ® Polysor- Phospha- 0.128 ^(a) With 1.2 gmint Oil, 44/14, 3.5 g 90, 1.0 g bate 80, tidyl PC (i.e., 12%) 1.0 g(i.e., 35%) (i.e., 10%) 2.5 g choline (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 25%) 0.8 g(i.e., 8%) O DIM, 1 g Pepper- Gelucire ® Capryol ® Polysor- Phospha-0.087 ^(a) With (i.e., 10%) mint Oil, 44/14, 3.5 g 90, 1.0 g bate 80,tidyl PC Melato- 1.0 g (i.e., 35%) (i.e., 10%) 2.5 g choline Mela- nin,0.2 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 25%) 0.8 g tonin (i.e., 2%) (i.e., 8%) (total12%) P DIM, 1.2 g Pepper- Gelucire ® Capryol ® Polysor- 0.239 ^(a) With-(i.e., 12%) mint Oil, 44/14, 3.5 g 90, 1.8 g bate 80, 0.291^(b) out PC 1g (i.e., 35%) (i.e., 18%) 2.5 g (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 25%) Q DIM, 1.2 gPepper- Gelucire ® Capryol ® Polysor- Phospha- 0.184 ^(a) With (i.e.,12%) mint Oil, 44/14, 3.5 g 90, 1.4 g bate 80, tidyl choline Lower 1 g(i.e., 35%) (i.e., 14%) 2.5 g 0.4 g PC (i.e., 10%) (i.e., 25%) (i.e.,4%) ^(a) Determined using Malvern Mastersizer ^(b) Repeat determinationusing Malvern Mastersizer on a separate day

Formulations N, O, P and Q do not contain poloxamer.

6.6 Example 6. Formulation D used in Human Bioavailability PlasmaStudies

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 5.1 grams Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol ALF),1.9 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14) and 1.0 gramsCaprylic/Capric triglyceride. The mixture was warmed and gently agitatedto uniformity. 0.8 grams of phosphatidyl choline (Lipoid Phospholipon85G) was added to the mixture with warming to approximately 80° C. Aftercooling to approximately 50° C., 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane was addedwith continuing agitation until the mixture was uniform.

6.7 Example 7. Formulation G—A Pharmaceutical Formulation

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 2.8 grams Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol ALF),1.8 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 2.4 gramsPoloxamer 124, 1.0 grams Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides. The mixture waswarmed and gently agitated to uniformity. 0.8 grams of phosphatidylcholine (Lipoid Phospholipon 85G) was added to the mixture with warmingto approximately 80° C. After cooling to approximately 50° C., 1.2 gramsof diindolylmethane was added with continuing agitation until themixture was uniform.

6.8 Example 8. Formulation J—A Pharmaceutical formulation with RetinylPalmitate

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 2.8 grams Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol ALF),1.8 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 2.4 gramsPoloxamer 124, 0.8 grams Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides. The mixture waswarmed and gently agitated to uniformity. 0.8 grams of phosphatidylcholine (Lipoid Phospholipon 85G) was added to the mixture with warmingto approximately 80° C. After cooling to approximately 50° C., 1.2 gramsof diindolylmethane was added with continuing agitation until themixture was uniform. In a separate small scintillation vial, a 100:1dilution of Retinyl Palmitate was prepared by adding 100 mg of retinylpalmitate to 9.90 grams of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides. 200 mg of thisdilution was added to the formulation representing 2.0 mg of retinylpalmitate and the mixture stirred to uniformity.

6.9 Example 9. Formulation L — A Pharmaceutical formulation withoutPoloxamer

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 5.1 grams Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol ALF),1.9 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.0 gramsOleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, 0.8 grams of phosphatidyl choline (LipoidPhospholipon 85G) was added to the mixture with warming to approximately80° C. The mixture was gently agitated to uniformity. After cooling toapproximately 50° C., 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane was added withcontinuing agitation until the mixture was uniform.

6.10 Example 10. Formulation K—with Capryol

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 2.8 grams Caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol ALF),1.8 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 2.4 gramsPoloxamer 124, 1.0 grams Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides. The mixture waswarmed and gently agitated to uniformity. 0.8 grams of Propylene GlycolCaprylate (Capryol 90) was added to the mixture with warming toapproximately 50° C. This was followed with 1.2 grams ofdiindolylmethane with continued agitation until the mixture was uniform.

6.11 Example 11. Formulation N—A Nutritional Formulation with PC

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 3.5 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.0grams of Propylene Glycol Caprylate (Capryol 90), 1.0 grams Peppermintoil, and 2.5 grams Polysorbate 80. The mixture was warmed with stirringto 80° C. and 0.8 grams of phosphatidyl choline (Lipoid Phospholipon85G) was added to the mixture with stirring. After cooling toapproximately 50° C., 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane was added withcontinuing agitation until the mixture was uniform.

6.12 Example 12. Formulation P—A Nutritional Formulation without PC

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 3.5 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.8grams of Propylene Glycol Caprylate (Capryol 90), 1 grams Peppermintoil, and 2.5 grams Polysorbate 80. The mixture was warmed with stirringto approximately 50° C., 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane was added withcontinuing agitation until the mixture was uniform.

6.13 Example 13. Formulation O—A Nutritional Formulation with Melatonin

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 3.5 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.0grams of Propylene Glycol Caprylate (Capryol 90), 1.0 gram Peppermintoil, and 2.5 grams Polysorbate 80. The mixture was warmed with stirringto 80° C. and 0.8 grams of phosphatidyl choline (Lipoid Phospholipon85G) was added to the mixture with stirring. After cooling toapproximately 50° C., 1 grams of diindolylmethane and 0.2 grams ofmelatonin was added with continuing agitation until the mixture wasuniform.

6.14 Example 14. Production of Dosage Forms for DIM SMEDS

The formulations described herein can be filled into either hard gelatincapsules or soft gelatin capsules. In production, hard gelatin capsulescan be filled with the use of a liquid fill system that is set todispense the warmed liquid formulation into hard gelatin capsules. Whenhand filling capsules, the use of a hand filling template apparatus isadvised. Here, the capsules are simply separated with the lower largerpart placed in the holes of the template. A measured amount of liquid isfilled into each capsule with a syringe. The top cap is placed on toeach lower half and with the apparatus the top capsules are snapped intoplace. The capsules are removed from the apparatus, ready for packaging.

For soft gelatin capsules, the warmed liquid is pumped to the capsulemaking equipment. A separate tank of warm gelatin solution is metered tothe equipment. A ribbon of gelatin is fed to each side of the capsulefiller to fill molds which form each half of the shell. The fillermeters the formulation as the two halves are fused together in theequipment. The soft capsules are dried before going to the packagingstation.

6.15 Example 15. In Vitro Testing to Simulate In Vivo Digestive Changesand

Performance of DIM SMEDDS Formulations

In vitro methods to simulate in vivo performance of Lipid BasedFormulations (LBFs) have been developed which have been shown to predictoverall bioavailability of LBFs following oral administration to animalsand humans. These methods include In Vitro Dispersion Testing and InVitro Simulated Digestions Testing. For highly water insoluble compoundslike DIM and LTR some gastrointestinal precipitation and reformation ofcrystal structure of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) isexpected. Upon recrystallization, changes in crystal structure to moreamorphous crystals with smaller size indicate potential for increasedsolubilization and greater bioavailability in the gastro-intestinalenvironment (see Clas SD, 2003, Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel.6(4):550-60). Both In Vitro Dispersion Testing and In Vitro SimulatedDigestions Testing were used to test the performance of the optimizedformulations of the present invention which demonstrated the smallestand most stable globule size upon initial particle size testing forself-emulsifying behavior.

MATERIALS, FORMULATIONS, AND METHODS

Materials

CaCl₂ and Tris (hydroxymethylaminomethane) were purchased from ChimiePlus Laboratoire (Décines, France). NaCl, HCl 37%, NaOH pellets werebought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium taurodeoxycholate(NaTDC), tributyrine, pancreatin (from porcine pancreas),L-a-phosphatidylcholine, and 4-bromophenylboronic acid were purchasedfrom Sigma-Aldrich. All solvents used have HPLC grade.

Formulations

Formulations were prepared according to the methods of manufacturedescribed in Examples 6 (Formula D), 7 (Formula G), 11 (Formula N), andfor Formula M (See Table 3)

Testing Methods

Dispersion test

A dispersion test was performed on the miscible formulations in a USPdissolution bath. 830 μL of miscible mixture was introduced in 250 mL ofpurified water at 37° C. under agitation with a paddle at 100 rpm.Performance criteria were: ease of emulsification, homogeneity andfineness of the dispersion. The fineness of the dispersion was assayedby dynamic light scattering (DLS, Particle Sizing Systems Nicomp).Photomicrographs were obtained of crystals observed during lightmicroscopic observation following 30 minutes of dispersion.

In vitro Simulated Digestive Lipolysis of DIM SMEDDS formulations

Preparation of media and enzyme suspension:

The lipolysis buffer was prepared by adding Tris (0.474 g/L), CaCl₂(0.208 g/L) and NaCl (8.810 g/L) in Milli-Q water. The pH was adjustedat 6.5 with NaOH 0.6 M.

The lipolysis medium was prepared by adding L-a-phosphatidylcholine(0.576 g/L) and NaTDC (1.565 g/L) in the lipolysis buffer. The mediumwas stirred overnight to allow the complete solubilization of lecithin.

The pancreatin solution was prepared by adding 1 g of pancreatin powderin 5 mL of lipolysis buffer. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring thesolution was centrifuged (Universal centrifuge 320R) at 2800 g and 5° C.for 10 min. The supernatant was sampled to be used in the lipolysistest.

Performance of the In Vitro Lipolysis Test

The experimental setup consisted of a pH stat apparatus (Metrohm® AG,Switzerland), comprising a Titrando 802 propeller stirrer/804 Ti Standcombination, a glass pH electrode (iUnitrode) and one 800 Dosino dosingunits coupled to 5 mL autoburette. The apparatus was connected to a PCand operated using Tiamo 2.0 software. The equipment was thermostated at37° C. and filled with lipolysis medium, to mimic fasted state in thesmall intestine. During the digestion of lipid-based formulations bypancreatic lipases, pH was maintained constant by the addition of NaOH0.2N.

Before the lipolysis test, the specific activity of pancreatic lipaseswas checked on tributyrine (model substrate). The substrate must be inexcess to have a reaction rate directly proportional to the enzymeconcentration. Five hundred microliter (μL) of tributyrine and 1.5 μL ofpancreatin solution were introduced in 28 mL of lipolysis medium(without lecithin). The specific activity of pancreatic lipases shouldbe higher than 900 U/mg.

830 μL of lipid-based formulation (corresponding to 100 mg of DIM), wasadded to 36 mL of lipolysis medium at 37° C. After 10 minutes(dispersion/emulsification time), 4 mL of pancreatin solution was added.The duration of the test was 1 hour. Aliquots of 1 mL were sampled atvarious time points to determine the solubility of the drug in themicellar phase: t=-5 min (during the dispersion time), t=0 min (beforethe addition of the pancreatic solution), t=5 min, t=15 min, t=30 minand t=60 min.

Five μL of the inhibitor solution (1M: 100 mg of 4-bromophenylboronicacid in 0.5 mL of methanol) was added immediately to each sample. Theywere then centrifuged at 21 000 g and 370 C. for 30 minutes. Thesupernatant was sampled and diluted with acetonitrile (1/5) for furtherHPLC analysis. Solutions were then filtered on PVDF filters 0.2 μm.

HPLC Analysis

Samples were analyzed according to the Eurofins HPLC Method forDiindolylmethane (DIM), UV max 280 nm.

Results and Discussion

Dispersion Test

The dispersion of the formulation in 250 mL of water (equivalent to theFDA glass of water) was followed for observance of the precipitation ofDIM after 30 minutes and was checked by polarized light microscopy.Study of Formulation “D” lead to the formation of a fine and turbidemulsion with a crystal formation showing particle size distribution of283±66 nm (volume). Microscopic study of Formulations L and N after 30minutes revealed smaller crystal structures as compared to FormulationD. The size of crystal structures for formulations L and N were reducedby a factor of 10 compared to formulation D. The advantageous reductionin crystal size for Formulation L compared to Formulation D isattributed, at least in part, to the use of longer chain triglyceridespresent in Labrafil® in Formulation L versus shorter chain triglyceridespresent in Labrafac® in Formulation D. Formation of a spontaneousemulsion with Formulation N after 30 minutes resulted in smallcrystalline structures contained within spherical globules. Theadvantageous reduction in crystal size for Formulation N compared toFormulation D is attributed, at least in part, to a contribution fromPeppermint Oil and low concentration of Polysorbate 80 (see FIGS. 4A, 4Band 4C).

Lipolysis Test

The dispersion of the formulations in the lipolysis medium was tested atthe beginning of the lipolysis experiment (830 μL of formulation in 36mL of medium).

Results for Formulation D showed that it formed a fine and turbiddispersion in the lipolysis medium. The precipitation of the API fromthis formulation was quicker in this medium than in purified water. Thelipolysis test confirmed that the API DIM precipitates after dispersionin the lipolysis medium simulating the content of the fasted smallintestine. Only 22±2 mg of DIM was still in solution after 10 minutes ofdispersion (100 mg of DIM were introduced in the pH-stat). This quantitystayed the same until the addition of the pancreatin solution. Thelipolysis of the Formulation D leads to a significant decrease of thequantity of DIM only a few minutes after the addition of the digestiveenzymes.

Testing of Formulas G, L, and N were carried out using methods describedabove. Each formulation resulted in the spontaneous formation of fineand turbid emulsions.

Results showing the Particle Size after Dispersion and the Dissolutionof DIM following exposure to Digestive Enzymes is presented in Table 5and summarized in FIG. 3.

TABLE 5 Mg DIM Mg DIM Dissolved Mg DIM Dissolved Particle Size DissolvedAfter 15 minutes After 30 minutes DIM Crystal Diameter after inLipolysis Digestion in Digestion in Characteristics Dispersion in Mediumat Lipolysis Medium Lipolysis Medium In Water Formulation Water (nm) 10minutes with Pancreatin with Pancreatin Dispersion Unformulated 3,010¹  Not Tested Not Tested Not Tested Large Crystalline Cuboidal DIMFormulation 283² 22 2.5 2.0 Smaller “D” Without Cuboidal Poloxamer FIG.4A (×10 and with PC magnification) Formulation 147² 19.3 2.7 2.1 Smaller“L” without Cuboidal than Poloxamer “D” and with PC FIG. 4B (×20magnification) Formulation  70² 20.5 7.9 6.4 Smallest “G” with CuboidalPoloxamer and with PC Formulation 302² 16.0 9.6 7.0 Globules “N” with PCwithout crystals and without FIG. 4C (×20 Poloxamer magnification)Notes: ¹Malvern Mastersizer, DIM, as supplied by BioResponse ²ParticleSizing Systems Nicomp

Conclusions:

In Vitro Dispersion and Simulated Digestive Lipolysis evaluation ofFormulations such as those of the present invention is an establishedtechnology to compare formulations in order to identify the bestformulations in terms of their ability to maintain the drug in solutionduring the dispersion and digestion steps. Maintaining solubilization insuch testing has been directly linked to bioavailability of theformulation in vivo (see Cuiné et al., 2008, J Pharm Sci.97(2):995-1012). The observed changes in crystal structure to smallerand/or a more amorphous form also can benefit bioavailability byfacilitating the re-dissolution of the drug in the intestinalenvironment supporting both immediate and sustained absorption by theintestinal epithelium.

The evaluation of DIM SMEDDS formulations described herein with in vitrotesting to simulate in vivo performance of the DIM showed that the useof certain components in the formulations yields surprising effects.Specifically, addition of a form of poloxamer polymer changesformulation's response to dispersion in water, the process ofrecrystallization and solubility of DIM in media simulating fastedintestinal content. Observation of the recrystallization process inwater may indicate changes in crystal structure and size which are knownto influence bioavailability (see Clas S D., 2003, Curr Opin Drug DiscovDevel. 6(4):550-60). The obtained results indicate an unexpected benefitfrom the substitution of Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides for Propyleneglycol di-caprylate. This resulted in a 10 fold decrease in crystal sizeobserved following 30 minutes of dispersion documented by lightmicroscopy comparing Formula L (with Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides) toFormula D (with Propylene glycol di-caprylate). FIGS. 4B and 4A,respectively, show equivalent size crystals for Formula L at 20×magnification to Formula D at 10× magnification, documenting a 10×difference.

Additionally, as demonstrated in FIGS. 4A-C, addition of Poloxamer 124in Formulation G increased solubility of DIM in digestive media comparedto both Formulation L and Formulation D which lacked poloxomer. Thisresulted in more than a doubling of DIM solubility when DIM solubilitywas compared at 15 and 30 minutes (see FIGS. 4A-C and Table 5). Thenutritional DIM SMEDDS formulation N also supported DIM solubilitycomparable to the poloxomer-containing formulation G indicating thatother non-polymer components can function to improve DIM solubilityduring simulated digestion. Common elements in the interactivecomponents of the Formula G DIM SMEDDS and the Formula N SMEDDSformulation include phosphatidyl choline and Lauroyl polyoxyl 32glycerdies. Compared to formula D, which showed low levels of dissolvedDIM, Formula G included increased levels of long chain fatty acids inthe oil component of the LBF. Increased presence of long chain fattyacids is known to stabilize LBF's to resist the influence of digestiveenzymes which is an objective of the present invention.

Formulation N showed doubling of DIM solubility compared to FormulationD, even though both formulations contain PC and lack poloxamer, which isa surprising finding, suggesting that the interaction of Peppermint Oiland Polysorbate 80 (food grade ingredients in Formulation N) performsequally well and contribute the same solubility advantage, as does theaddition of the poloxymer and long chain fatty acids (Labrafil) inFormualtion G. Therefore, both Formulations G and N produced advantagesover Formulation D. This is significant since Formulation D was shown tobe clearly more bioavailable in human testing than Spray Dried BR-DIM(see FIGS. 1 and 2). Since improved solubility in the digestive testemployed here directly correlates with improved bioavailability in vivo,both Formulations N and G are expected to outperform Formulation D interms of bioavailability in vivo (in humans).

These results support the expectation that the formulations describedherein would result in increased overall bioavailability of DIM andphysicochemically related multimeric indoles. The described SMEDDScontaining DIM in association with more long chain fatty acids, lowconcentrations of Poloxamer 124, and Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerdies wereassociated with increased solubilization of DIM in simulated digestiveconditions. Greater and more prolonged solubilization of the API in suchtesting has been directly linked to improving the bioavailability of theemulsified API in vivo (see Cuiné et al., 2008, J Pharm Sci.97(2):995-1012).

6.16 Example 16. Single Dose Human Bioavailability Testing of DIM,Spray-Dried DIM, and Self-emulsifying DIM Formulations

Introduction: Based on the availability of spray-dried,microencapsulated, absorption enhanced DIM (BioResponse DIM (BR-DIM),BioResponse, Boulder, Colo.) as a widely available dietary supplementformulation, a study in human volunteers to directly compare thebioavailability of DIM from generic crystalline DIM, from BR-DIM, andfrom the self-emulsifying (SMEDDS) formulations described herein wasdesigned. Oral bioavailability studies are the most definitive model toestablish relative performance of new formulation technology asdeveloped for the SMEDDS DIM and LTR Formulations, assessing relativeabsorption from different formulations of DIM. Such studies allow directcomparison of the relative bioavailability of DIM formulations in humansand are possible based on the existence of validated, quantitativeplasma analysis methodology for DIM (see Heath et al., 2010, Am J TranslRes. 2(4):402-11). To this end, a basic comparative pharmacokineticevaluation was conducted in human volunteers to compare absorption,presence of DIM in plasma over time, and tolerability.

The BR-DIM formulation consists of microparticle complexes of DIM withVitamin E TPGS suspended or “microencapsulated” in a starch-basedparticle matrix. Vitamin E TPGS is a GRAS approved excipient consumed infoods and pharmaceuticals. The starch matrix consists of either Capsulstarch, refined from corn starch, or alternatively is composed of GumArabic and Maltodextrin. All of these starches are used in foods anddietary supplements. Gum Arabic and Maltodextrin are additionallyapproved for use in pharmaceuticals.

Formulation “D” described above was used as a self-emulsifying (SEDDS)DIM formulation.

Summary of Study Design:

Study Design: Single Center, Single-Blind, Single Dose, OralBioavailability Study, with Subject Crossover.

In Part I of the Study, a treatment group was administered a 300 mg doseof DIM from BR-DIM or a 300 mg dose of DIM from crystalline DIM on thefirst study day, followed by crossover to the other DIM formulation onthe second study day, at least 14 days following the first treatment. 3subjects were given crystalline DIM, 4 subjects were given BR-DIM. Onesubject receiving BR-DIM on the first day did not return for the secondday, resulting in a N of 3 for crystalline and a N of 4 for BR-DIM.

In Part II of the Study, five individuals, four of whom participated inPart I of the Study, were administered a 300 mg dose of DIM from DIMSMEDDS Formulation D. Testing of DIM SMEDDS formula D took place on oneday with 5 subjects. The subjects were all healthy, adult volunteers,both male and female, not consuming DIM containing supplements and in afasting state on study days. Volunteers agreed not to consumecruciferous vegetable for one week prior to study days. Study groupsconsisted of 3, 4, or 5 individuals.

Conduct of Study:

For Part I of the Study, and after an overnight fast, all subjects hadan indwelling Teflon catheter placed in a forearm vein. A baseline bloodspecimen was collected. For Part I of the Study, subjects ingestedmatching, opaque gelatin capsules containing either crystalline DIM (300mg) or BR-DIM providing 300 mg DIM. Then, the subjects provided 8ccsamples of blood was collected at Baseline, and 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr,and 6 hr after administration of each of the formulations. A standardsmall meal was given at 4 hrs.

For Subsequent Evaluation of Formulations G and N and after an overnightfast, all subjects had an indwelling Teflon catheter placed in a forearmvein. A baseline blood specimen was collected. Subjects ingested opaquegelatin capsules containing SEDDS DIM formulation (in particular,Formulation D described above) providing 300 mg dissolved DIM. The DIMSMEDDS formulation was provided in 3 hard gelatin capsules eachcontaining 100 mg of DIM. Subsequently, 8cc samples of blood wereobtained and 30 cc samples of urine will be obtained according to thefollowing chart. Blood was collected at Baseline, and 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr,4 hr, and 6 hr after administration of the drug. A standard small mealwas given at 4 hrs.

The study described above is to be followed up by a Part III study,described below.

For Part III of the Study, and after an overnight fast, all subjectswill have an indwelling Teflon catheter placed in a forearm vein. Abaseline blood specimentwill be collected. Subjects will ingest opaquegelatin capsules containing either a SMEDDS DIM formulation made withpharmaceutical excipients or a SMEDDS DIM formulation made withnutritional excipients. Each formulation will provide 300 mg dissolvedDIM contained in 3 hard gelatin capsules each containing 100 mg of DIM.8 cc samples of blood will be collected at Baseline, and 1 hr, 2 hr, 3hr, 4 hr, and 6 hr after administration of each of the drugs. A standardsmall meal will be given at 4 hrs.

Blood sample handling: Within 15 minutes, plasma was centrifuged andfrozen, stored on dry ice, then stored at minus 80 until assayed.

Additional Data: All subjects in the Part I and Part II of the Studycompleted and all subjects in Part III of theStudy will complete atolerability questionnaire with entries at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hrs.

Reporting adverse events: Adverse events were recorded for the Part Iand Part II of the Study and will be recorded for the Part III of theStudy in a structured interview, and reported as required.

Method for Plasma Analysis and Pharmacokinetic Comparison:

Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed for all subjects. Blood samples(˜8 ml for each) were collected at 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hoursafter the oral administration of the dose of DIM, BR-DIM, or DIM SMEDDSformulation (i.e., Formulation D described above). Within 15 minutes ofthe collection, the blood samples were centrifuged at 4° C., at 2000 gfor 10 minutes, and plasma was collected immediately aftercentrifugation and transferred to the screw-cap polypropylene cryogenictubes. The plasma samples were stored at −800 C. until analysis.

The concentrations of DIM in human plasma samples were determined by avalidated high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem massspectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Briefly, to 50 μl human plasma, 100 μlof 2% formic acid in methanol (containing 1 μg/mL internal standardzileuton) was added to precipitate proteins. The mixture wasvortex-mixed for 1 minute and centrifuged at 14,000 g at 4° C. for 10minutes. The supernatant was collected and 10 μl was injected into theLC-MS/MS system. Chromatographic analysis was performed using a Watersmodel 2690 separation system (Milford, Mass., USA). The analytes wereseparated on a Waters X-Terra MS column (150 mm×2.1 mm i.d.) using amobile phase consisting of methanol/0.45% formic acid (70:30, v/v), andisocratic flow at 0.2 mL/min. The analytes were monitored by a WatersMicromass triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Milford, Mass., USA)using an electrospray probe in the positive ionization mode operating ata cone voltage of 23V for DIM and 13V for the internal standardzileuton. Samples were introduced into the ionization source through aheated nebulized probe (350° C.). The collision energy was set at 30 eVand 9 eV for DIM and zileuton, respectively. The transitions at129.9>76.8 and 237.1>161.1 were monitored for DIM and zileuton,respectively. The linear calibration curve was set over the DIM plasmaconcentration range of 10 to 5,000 ng/mL. The lower limit ofquantitation (LLOQ) was determined at 10 ng/mL for DIM in human plasma.The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within thegenerally accepted criteria for bioanalytical method (<15%).

The pharmacokinetic parameters for individual patients were estimatedusing non compartmental analysis with the computer software programWinNonlin version 5 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, Calif.). Themaximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time of occurrence for the Cmax(Tmax), were obtained by visual inspection of the plasmaconcentration-time curves after the oral administration. The total areaunder the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the lastmeasurable time point (AUC0-t) was calculated using the linear andlogarithmic trapezoidal method for ascending and descending plasmaconcentrations, respectively.

Results:

Tolerability: All 300 mg single doses of DIM for all formulations werewell tolerated with no side effects reported in interviews and up to 8hours following the time of ingestion. Further follow-up at 24 hoursconfirmed the absence of any side effect during this time period.

Pharmacokinetics: The following chart summarizes the averagedpharmacokinetic findings for each of the formulations studied in Part Iand Part II of the Study as described above.

TABLE 6 Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters^(a) of DIM after oraladministration of a single dose (300 mg) of three formulations inhealthy individuals: T_(max) C_(max) AUC_(0-∞) T_(1/2) Formulation n (h)(ng/mL) (ng/mL*h) (h) Crystalline 3 1.7 18.1 98.5 2.2 BR-DIM 4 3.0 68.1242.2 4.5 DIM SMEDDS 5 1.6 363.2 1507.2 2.3 (Formulation D)^(a)Parameters were estimated using non-compartmental analysis withWinNonlin software. Abbreviations: T_(max), time to reach the maximumconcentration; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; AUC_(0-∝), total areaunder the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity;T_(1/2), terminal plasma half-life; n = number of subjects.

Relative absorption is shown in averaged plasma level data over timecomparing crystalline DIM, spray-dried absorption-enhanced DIM (BR-DIM)and a DIM SEDDS oral formulation (Formulation D), see results in FIG. 2,which are also summarized in the table below:

Time Crystaline DIM SMEDDS Spray Dried (hour) DIM Formulation “D” DIM 00.0 116.9 1.9 1 17.8 255.2 40.9 2 16.7 347.8 52.4 3 10.6 209.3 69.8 410.0 173.8 45.1 6 5.8 92.7 26.9

Relative systemic exposure to DIM is shown in averaged Area Under theCurve (AUC) data comparing area under the plasma concentration-timecurve from time zero to infinity achieved with crystalline DIM,spray-dried absorption-enhanced DIM (BR-DIM) and a DIM SEDDS oralformulation (Formulation D), see results in FIG. 1, which are alsosummarized in the table below:

Avg. AUC CI (ng/ml*hr) SD (0.05) Crystalline DIM 98.5 24.25376 33.61338Spray Dried DIM 242.2 150.7892 147.7707 DIM SMEDDS 1507.2 972.6261852.5287 Formulation “D”

Conclusions:

Out of all formulations tested, the least absorption and the lowest Cmax(maximal plasma concentration) and Area Under the Curve (AUC)(correlating with total absorption and bioavailability) were seen withcrystalline DIM. Increases of approximately 2-3 times in thepharmacokinetic parameters were seen with the BR-DIM microencapsulated,spray dried formulation compared to crystalline DIM. The absorption ofDIM from the self-emulsifying (SMEDDS) DIM formulation was approximately5-6 times greater than from the BR-DIM formulation as demonstrated byhigher Cmax and AUC values. The systemic exposure to DIM, assessed byCmax and AUC, after oral administration of the DIM SMEDDS formulationwas increased by ˜20-fold, compared to that achieved after oraladministration of the crystalline DIM, while the terminal eliminationhalf-life (T_(1/2)) of both formulations was similar. Therefore, the useof self-emulsifying DIM formulation technology described herein achievessignificant and unexpected advantages in bioavailability of DIM comparedto the bioavailability of DIM from both crystalline DIM andabsorption-enhanced, spray-dried BR-DIM formulations.

6.17 Example 17. Solvent-Diluted DIM SMEDDS Adapted for Topical DIMDelivery

Preparation of Solvent Diluted DIM SMEDDS formulations for additionalformulation development appropriate for various topical applications anddelivery of DIM to wet topical surfaces, including topical wounds andselected mucosal surfaces, has been undertaken, These steps providespecialized formulation for site directed DIM delivery to wounds,cervico-vaginal epithelium and mucosa, and rectal mucosa.

The formulations and dosage forms described above were modified with theaddition of a compatible Class 3 solvent to DIM SMEDDS formulations toproduce a uniform diluted formulation providing for preparation ofmetered dose topical delivery of DIM from SMEDDS formulations. Solventdiluted DIM SMEDDS can be applied to delivery vehicles such as dryfeminine tampons or wound dressings, or can be mixed with suppositorybases. Following dipping of the absorbent tampon or metered dispensingon dressing, the diluted DIM SMEDDS dosage form is dried in conditionssufficient to evaporate the solvent. This allows the DIM SMEDDS tore-concentrate as an evenly distributed lipid based formulation. Whenutilized as a medicated tampon or wound dressing, the DIM SMEDDSformulation emulsifies in the use environment releasing mg amounts ofDIM in consistent amounts within desired dose ranges.

The preparation of a solvent-diluted version of the DIM SMEDDSformulation included addition of a selected Class III solvent up to afinal solvent: SMEDDS ratio of not more than 9:1 on a wt/wt basis.Preferred DIM SMEDDS formulations to be utilized are formulations K or L(see Table 3). Preferred solvents for dilution include ethanol,isopropanol, and acetone. Most preferred solvent for dilution isisopropanol, and the preparation regime includes mixing and gradualaddition of the DIM SMEDDS to the solvent at a temperature of 36-38degrees Celsius. Once the formulation is applied to a delivery vehiclesuch as a dry tampon or wound dressing, drying is optionallyaccomplished in a nitrogen enriched environment to reduce oxidation ofthe distributed SMEDDS formulation prior to sealing of the deliveryvehicle in a unit dose closure system. Making of solvent-diluted DIMSEDDS formulations suitable for topical delivery in delivery vehiclescan optionally utilize steps (e.g., for large scale manufacture)described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0288501, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

6.18 Example 18. Composition Optimization and Testing of DIM-RelatedIndole Self-Emulsifying Formulations

This example describes preparation of Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery andNutraceutical Delivery Formulations Containing Diindolylmethane (DIM) asa preferred DIM-Related Indole. This study was undertaken to optimizeingredient composition for antioxidant content of solvent oil and toconfirm solubility during In Vitro Dispersion testing and resistance tolipolysis during the in vitro Simulated Digestion Test. Maintenance ofgreater dissolved DIM during dispersion and during simulated digestionboth predict higher bioavailability following oral administration of theself-emulsifying formulations In Vivo.

A. Identification of an Optimal Oil Solvent Screened by SolubilityTesting of DIM in Candidate Oils.

The method involved weighing of approximately 2 grams of each of theliquid excipients into a small vial. Subsequently, a small amount of DIMwas added and the mixture was shaken. Further, small amounts of DIM wereadded until no further DIM was observed to go into solution usingmicroscopic observation. Continued testing of acceptable oil solventsfor, e.g., nutritional supplement, self-emulsifying formulations usingDIM as a representative DIM-related indole active ingredient includedtesting of the following oils:

Trade Name Chemical Name DIM Solubility % Type of Oil Rosemary Oil None6 Essential oil Black Cumin None 2 Essential oil

B. Production of an Optimized Nutritional Self-Emulsifying Formulationusing DIM.

Rosemary oil has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and wasselected as a favorable formulation ingredient. The method of making abulk DIM-related indole self-emulsifying formulation was developed andconducted. Scaled up production of a 50 gram quantity of a NutritionalSelf-emulsifying Formulation for DIM using Rosemary oil (Formulation“R”) was conducted and included appropriate mixing of the followingingredients in specified amounts:

Percentage Weight of Component in formulation Component (grams) Gelucire44/14 35% 17.5 Capryol 90 10% 5.0 Rosemary oil 10% 5.0 Polysorbate 8025% 12.5 Phospholipon 85  8% 4.0 DIM 12% 6.0 Total: 100%  50 gms

The following ingredients were utilized to produce Formulation “T”, anutritional DIM SMEDSS formulation containing Rosemary oil and Melatoninas a second active:

Percentage Weight of Component in formulation Component (grams) Gelucire44/14 35% 17.5 Capryol 90 10% 5.0 Rosemary oil 10% 5.0 Polysorbate 8025% 12.5 Phospholipon 85 7.5%  3.75 DIM 12% 6.0 Melatonin 0.5%  0.25Total: 100%  50 gms

C. In Vitro Dispersion Testing of Optimized Nutritional Self-emulsifyingFormulations using DIM.

The dispersions of Formulations R and T were tested for particle size bylaser diffraction following dispersion and spontaneous emulsionformation in water. Each of the formulations were tested by dispersingapproximately 1 gram of the formulation in 200 mL of deionized water atapproximately 37° C. with slow stirring of a magnetic spin bar in a 1 Lbeaker. Within five minutes of the addition, sufficient mixture wasadded to a Malvern Mastersizer dynamic laser light scattering instrumentto satisfy the obscuration of the laser beams needed for measurement.The particle size determined is expressed as diameter in microns (μ) inthe following chart, and comparison is made to other nutritional andpharmaceutical formulations described herein:

Formulation DIM Particle Size, Type of Formulation Name Content microns(μ) Nutritional with N 12% 0.128 Peppermint oil, “N,”described inExample 11 and Table 4 Nutritional with R 12% 0.084 Rosemary oil, “R,”described in this example and Example 19 Nutritional with O 10% 0.087Peppermint oil and Melatonin, “O,” described in Example 13 and Table 4Nutritional with T 12% 0.087 Rosemary oil and Melatonin, “T,” describedin this example and Example 20

D. In Vitro Simulated Digestion and Lipolysis Testing of an OptimizedNutritional Self-Emulsifying Formulation using DIM.

In vitro Simulated Digestion Testing was used to test the performance ofthe optimized nutraceutical formulation identified as Formulation “R”(described in this example and Example 19). The methods and conditionsfor testing utilized were exactly the same as described in Example 15:“In Vitro Testing to Simulate In Vivo Digestive Changes and Performanceof DIM SMEDDS Formulations.” Simulated Digestive Lipolysis evaluation ofFormulations such as those described herein is an established technologyto compare formulations in order to identify the best formulations interms of their ability to maintain the API in solution during thedispersion and digestion steps. Maintaining solubilization in suchtesting has been directly linked to bioavailability of the formulationin vivo (see Cuiné et al., 2008, J Pharm Sci. 97(2):995-1012). Thefollowing chart summarizes the percentage of DIM dissolved fromFormulation “R” after 10 minutes of dispersion in medium, after 15minutes of digestion with pancreatin enzyme, and after 30 minutes ofdigestion with pancreatin enzyme. The performance of the optimizedself-emulsifying formulation “R” was compared to performance offormulation “N” (the testing of which is described in Example 15, andthe components and making of which are described in Example 11 and Table4).

Mg DIM Mg DIM Dissolved Mg DIM Dissolved Dissolved in in Lipolysis inLipolysis Lipolysis Medium after 15 Medium after 30 Medium after MinutesDigestion Minutes Digestion Formu- 10 Minutes in Lipolysis Medium inLipolysis Medium lation Dispersion with Pancreatin with Pancreatin “N”16.0 9.6 7.0 “R” 24.8 10.3 8.4

The above results demonstrate a greater percentage of DIM dissolved at10 minutes after dispersion, and after 15 minutes and 30 minutes ofsimulated digestion, when formulation “R” is compared to formulation“N”. This indicates improved performance and greater expectedbioavailability of DIM from “R” compared to “N”. In addition, theseresults demonstrate an unexpected benefit of the Rosemary oil componentof “R”, since formula “R” was equivalent to formula “N” except for thesubstitution of Rosemary oil in “R” for the Peppermint oil component offormula “N”. Although both formula “N” and “R” demonstratedself-emulsifying activity for DIM, Rosemary oil demonstrated furtheradvantage. Rosemary oil is a terpenoid oil containing p-cymene,linalool, alpha and beta pinene and eucalyptol providing more desirableDIM-related SMEDDS functionality than Peppermint oil which containsterpenoids, oxyterpenoids and sesquiterpenes including menthol,menthone, and menthol esters.

6.19 Example 19. Formulation R—A Nutritional Formulation with PC andRosemary Oil

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 3.5 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.0grams of Propylene Glycol Caprylate (Capryol 90), 1.0 grams RosemaryOil, and 2.5 grams Polysorbate 80. The mixture was warmed with stirringto 80° C. and 0.8 grams of phosphatidyl choline (Lipoid Phospholipon85G) was added to the mixture with stirring. After cooling toapproximately 50° C., 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane was added withcontinuing agitation until the mixture was uniform. The total amount ofingredients in the formulation was 10 grams.

6.20 Example 20. Formulation T—A Nutritional Formulation with PC,Rosemary Oil, and Melatonin

The following were added to a small scintillation vial in the followingorder: 3.5 grams Lauroyl polyoxyl 32 glycerides (Gelucire 44/14), 1.0grams of Propylene Glycol Caprylate (Capryol 90), 1.0 gram Rosemary oil,and 2.5 grams Polysorbate 80. The mixture was warmed with stirring to800 C and 0.75 grams of phosphatidyl choline (Lipoid Phospholipon 85G)was added to the mixture with stirring. After cooling to approximately500 C, 1.2 grams of diindolylmethane and 0.25 grams of melatonin wasadded with continuing agitation until the mixture was uniform. The totalamount of ingredients in the formulation was 10 grams.

6.21 Example 21. Comparative Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of DIMPharmaceutical Formulations

Repeated single-use of 300 mg oral doses of DIM in different DIMformulations was conducted. Absorption studies using the same adult malesubject on separate test days were performed. This allowed comparison ofDIM absorption and Plasma Pharmacokinetics through comparison of DIMplasma levels measured following administration of unformulatedcrystalline DIM, following administration of absorption-enhanced,microencapsulated DIM (BR-DIM), following administration of DIM SMEDDSFormulation “D” without Poloxamer 124, and following administration ofDIM SMEDDS Formulation “G” with Poloxamer 124, to the human subject. Thesame oral administration and timed plasma sampling protocol was used ondifferent study days, separated by at least 2 weeks. Plasma levelresults for each time point are presented in the following chart.Results demonstrate low absorption following crystalline DIM, increasedabsorption of DIM from non-SMEDDS, microencapsulated BR-DIM, and furtherincreased absorption from DIM SMEDDS formulations compared to both DIMfrom crystalline DIM and from BR-DIM. In addition, a further advantagein absorption was demonstrated from Formulation “G” (described inExample 7 and Table 3) which is attributed to more stableself-emulsifying activity compared to DIM SMEDDS Formulation “D”(described in Example 6 and Table 2). This represents In Vivodemonstration of improved bioavailability of DIM from DIM SMEDDSformulation “G” compared to that from formulation “D.” This finding isconsistent with the finding of greater maintenance of solubility of DIMfrom formulation “G” compared to “D,” which is demonstrated by the InVitro SMEDDS digestion assay as described in Example 15 and shown inFIG. 3. These results support both the In Vivo performance of Formula“G” as an optimized pharmaceutical DIM SMEDDS formulation and thevalidity of the In Vitro Simulated Digestion Testing of SMEDDSformulations as a predictor of In Vivo performance of the SMEDDSformulations described herein.

Intra-individual Comparison of Plasma Levels* of DIM following an OralDose of Various DIM Formulations Administered on Separate Days:

Time (hr) Formulation 0 1 2 3 4 6 C_(Max) AUC T_(1/2) Crystalline 0 4.56.8 4.7 2.6 — 6.8 17 — DIM BR-DIM^(NG) 0 40.9 52.4 69.8 45.1 26.9 69.8242 3 DIM-SMEDDS 0 93.9 156.7 146.5 71.6 40.7 156.7 537 1.7 “D”DIM-SMEDDS 0 79.9 346.1 257 186.1 — 346.1 773 2 “G” *Plasma levelsexpressed as ng/ml, determined by validated LCMS/MS Assay

6.22 Example 22. Evidence for Stability of DIM as an API in DIM SMEDDS

In order to evaluate stability during storage of DIM in DIM SMEDDSformulations, in particular, in a pharmaceutical DIM SMEDDS formulation,as well as compatibility of API DIM with excipient components of DIMSMEDDS formulations, testing was performed using a sensitive HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay for DIM in DIM SMEDDS.The assay method utilized an HPLC apparatus equipped with column oven, aUV detector and an appropriate data acquisition system andprinter-plotter. Weighed amounts of DIM-SMEDDS (Formulation G) wereweighed, diluted with acetonitrile, and sonicated. Weighed amounts ofcommercially available DIM standard (Sigma) was also dissolved inacetonitrile. Samples and standards were injected into the HPLCapparatus. Output was utilized to calculate the content of DIM per gramof composition as % DIM.

Samples from a production lot of a pharmaceutical DIM SMEDDS formulation(Formulation G, described in Example 7 and Table 3) were stored instandard controlled room temperature and humidty conditions andprotected from light. The DIM SMEDDS formulation was tested shortlyafter production, at 1 month post production, and again at 3 months postproduction. The targeted DIM percentage was 12%. The following chartsummarizes results:

Time point for Analysis of DIM Content DIM SMEDDS Lot # Time 0(Production) One Month 3 Months 5-15-15-2 12.5% 13% 12%

The results demonstrate that DIM is stable in a DIM SMEDDS formulationduring storage. In particular, the results provided in the table abovedemonstrate stability of DIM in Formulation G, as well as stability ofDIM in association with SMEDDS excipients, during storage at controlledroom temperature for a period of at least 3 months. 7. INCORPORATION BYREFERENCE

Various references such as patents, patent applications, andpublications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane (LTR) and a carrier, whereinthe carrier comprises: (i) a caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glyceride, (ii) alauroyl polyoxyl-32 glyceride, (iii) phosphatidyl choline orlysophosphatidyl choline, (iv) an oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glyceride, and (v) apolyoxythene/ polyoxypropylene copolymer (“poloxamer”), wherein themolecular mass of the hydrophobic block of the poloxamer is greater than50% of the total molecular mass of the poloxamer and the molecular massof the hydrophilic block of the poloxamer is less than 2250 Daltons,wherein the composition, upon dispersion in water or contact withgastrointestinal fluids, emulsifies to form a dispersion of oil-in-waterglobules.
 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) and/or a retinoid compound.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM).4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a retinoid compound.5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the retinoid compound is asubstituted or unsubstituted first generation retinoid, a substituted orunsubstituted second generation retinoid or a substituted orunsubstituted third generation retinoid.
 6. The composition of claim 5,wherein the retinoid compound is a substituted or unsubstituted retinol,a substituted or unsubstituted retinal, a substituted or unsubstitutedtretinoin (e.g., retinoic acid or Retin A), a substituted orunsubstituted isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid), or a substituted orunsubstituted alitretinoin.
 7. The composition of claim 5, wherein theretinoid compound is a substituted or unsubstituted etretinate, asubstituted or unsubstituted acitretin, a substituted or unsubstitutedtazarotene, a substituted or unsubstituted bexarotene, or a substitutedor unsubstituted adapalene.
 8. The composition of claim 5, wherein theretinoid compound is retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid.
 9. Thecomposition of claim 1, which is formulated for oral or topicaladministration.
 10. A method for treating or preventing a disease in ahuman subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprisesadministering the composition of claim 1 to the subject, wherein thedisease is acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, malaria, prostate cancer,breast cancer, psoriasis, or allergic contact dermatitis.
 11. The methodof claim 10, wherein the acne is acne vulgaris.
 12. The method of claim10, wherein the disease is acne vulgaris, rosacea, atompic dermatitis orpsoriasis.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the composition isadministered alone or in combination with a retinoid compound.
 14. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the disease is prostate cancer or breastcancer.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition isadministered alone or in combination with 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM).